📚 Network Terminologies (BEEE) Circuit – A closed conducting path in which current can flow. Electric Network – A combination of interconnected electrical components. Linear Circuit – A circuit whose parameters (resistance, inductance, capacitance) do not change with voltage or current. Non-Linear Circuit – A circuit whose parameters vary with voltage or current. Active Network – Contains active elements like voltage sources, current sources, etc., that supply energy. Passive Network – Contains only passive elements like resistors, capacitors, inductors, which consume energy. Node – A point where two or more circuit elements are connected. Branch – A path connecting two nodes containing a circuit element. Loop – Any closed path in a circuit. Mesh – A loop with no other loops inside it. Bilateral Circuit – A circuit where the current can flow equally well in both directions. Unilateral Circuit – A circuit where current flows in only one direction (e.g., a diode circuit). Series Circuit – A circuit where elements are connected end-to-end and have the same current. Lumped Circuit – A circuit in which all electrical parameters (resistance, inductance, capacitance) are assumed to be concentrated in discrete components, and the connecting wires have no resistance, inductance, or capacitance.

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Let's start with basic circuit concepts. A circuit is a closed conducting path in which current can flow. An electric network is a combination of interconnected electrical components. We distinguish between linear circuits, where parameters like resistance remain constant regardless of voltage or current changes, and non-linear circuits, where these parameters vary with voltage or current. The graph shows how linear circuits have a straight-line relationship between voltage and current, while non-linear circuits show a curved relationship. Networks are classified based on their energy characteristics. Active networks contain active elements like voltage sources and current sources that supply energy to the circuit. These elements generate power and deliver it to other components. In contrast, passive networks contain only passive elements such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, which consume or store energy but do not generate it. The energy flow arrows show how active elements supply energy outward, while passive elements absorb energy inward. Network topology describes the structural arrangement of circuit elements. A node is a point where two or more circuit elements are connected together. A branch is a path connecting two nodes and contains a circuit element. A loop is any closed path in a circuit that starts and ends at the same node. A mesh is a special type of loop that contains no other loops inside it. Understanding these topology elements is essential for systematic circuit analysis using methods like nodal analysis and mesh analysis. Circuits can be classified based on their directional properties. Bilateral circuits allow current to flow equally well in both directions through the circuit elements. A resistor is a good example of a bilateral element, showing a linear voltage-current relationship that passes through the origin symmetrically. In contrast, unilateral circuits contain elements that permit current flow in only one direction. A diode is the classic example of a unilateral element, conducting current easily in the forward direction but blocking it in the reverse direction, as shown by its characteristic curve. A series circuit connects elements end-to-end in a single path, so all components share the same current. The current flows through each element sequentially, making series circuits fundamental to circuit analysis. The lumped circuit concept is a key simplifying assumption in circuit theory. In real circuits, connecting wires have small amounts of resistance, inductance, and capacitance. However, in lumped circuit analysis, we assume all electrical parameters are concentrated in discrete components, and the connecting wires are ideal with zero resistance, inductance, and capacitance. This assumption greatly simplifies circuit analysis while maintaining sufficient accuracy for most practical applications.