Explain LAN in computer networks vtu syllabus for exam
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A Local Area Network, or LAN, is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited geographical area, typically within one to two kilometers. LANs are characterized by high data transfer rates, private ownership, and the ability to share resources among connected devices. In this example, we can see computers in an office building connected through a central switch, allowing them to communicate and share data efficiently.
LAN topologies define how network devices are physically arranged and connected. The bus topology uses a single cable backbone where all devices share the same communication medium. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub or switch, providing point-to-point connections. Ring topology forms a circular connection where data travels in one direction using token passing. Mesh topology provides multiple interconnections between devices, offering high redundancy and fault tolerance.
LAN components work together to enable network communication. The Network Interface Card connects each computer to the network with a unique MAC address. Switches intelligently forward data between devices, creating separate collision domains for each port. Legacy hubs share a single collision domain among all connected devices. Various cable types including twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic provide physical connections. Wireless access points enable WiFi connectivity, extending the network without cables.
LAN protocols define communication standards for network devices. Ethernet, following IEEE 802.3 standard, is the dominant wired LAN protocol using CSMA/CD for collision detection. It organizes data into frames with specific header and trailer information. WiFi, based on IEEE 802.11, provides wireless connectivity using CSMA/CA for collision avoidance. Token Ring uses a deterministic token-passing mechanism. These protocols operate within a layered architecture including physical, data link, and network layers to ensure reliable communication.
This comprehensive office LAN implementation demonstrates how all components work together. The network uses a star topology with a central switch connecting all devices. The IP addressing scheme uses 192.168.1.0/24 subnet with the router as gateway at 192.168.1.1. Static IP addresses are assigned to servers and printers, while DHCP provides dynamic addresses to workstations. Security is implemented through firewall policies and access controls. Data flows from source devices through the switch to destinations, with the router providing internet connectivity and inter-VLAN routing.