生成一个有趣的有声音的科普视频---Textual Information: Category: ENVIRONMENT Title: 10 AMAZING EARTH FACTS Sub-headline: From its active core to its explosive surface, scientists have made incredible discoveries about the past, present and future of the rock we call home Author: WORDS AILSA HARVEY Chart/Diagram Description: Type: Illustration/Digital Art Main Elements: - The central element is a stylized depiction of the Earth, showing landmasses (including green areas and snow/ice), blue swirling oceans, and white clouds surrounding it. - The background consists of a dark blue sky at the top with stars and floating spherical objects, transitioning to abstract, wavy, or cloud-like structures in shades of orange, brown, and dark blue at the bottom, also with floating spherical objects. - Large white text "10 AMAZING EARTH FACTS" is overlaid on the Earth illustration. - Smaller text "From its active core to its explosive surface, scientists have made incredible discoveries about the past, present and future of the rock we call home" is placed below the title, on a green background band. - The text "WORDS AILSA HARVEY" is placed below the sub-headline. - A green bubble shape with the word "ENVIRONMENT" and a small Earth icon is located in the top left corner. **Extracted Content:** **Header Information:** DID YOU KNOW? Earth's longest mountain range is under the Atlantic Ocean Stromatolites are the oldest fossils **Main Title:** EARTH IS 10,000 TIMES OLDER THAN HUMANS The evolution of life on Earth, step by step **Timeline of Life on Earth (Numbered Points):** 1. **1 4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO:** In the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, masses of energy and matter were released. Over billions of years, dust and gas collided and stuck together in a process called accretion, growing larger until Earth was born. *Illustration:* Planet Earth with rings representing time. 2. **2 3.7 BILLION YEARS AGO:** Scientists think Earth evolved conditions that could support life by this time, such as an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere and volcanic activity altering organic molecules. *Illustration:* Two star-like shapes labeled "Life". 3. **3 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO:** Phototrophic bacteria were the earliest life forms that used sunlight to produce energy. *Illustration:* Rod-shaped bacteria labeled "Phototrophic bacteria". 4. **4 2.4 BILLION YEARS AGO:** Cyanobacteria feature in some of the oldest fossil records on Earth. *Illustration:* Chain of spherical bacteria labeled "Cyanobacteria and other phototrophs". 5. **5 2 BILLION YEARS AGO:** Multicellular organisms, large enough to be seen with the naked eye and containing cells with a clear nucleus, emerged at this time. *Illustration:* Circular shape with many small spheres inside, suggesting a multicellular organism, labeled "Macroscopic eukaryotes". 6. **6 1.5 BILLION YEARS AGO:** Green and red algae evolved into a group of photosynthetic eukaryotes called Archaeplastida. *Illustration:* Circular collection of spheres representing algae, labeled "Algal kingdoms". 7. **7 542 TO 543 MILLION YEARS AGO:** Invertebrates evolved during this time, which was called the Cambrian period. Many animal groups with hard skeletons and shells appeared. *Illustration:* A shelled invertebrate (snail-like) labeled "Shelly invertebrates". 8. **8 420 MILLION YEARS AGO:** Plants that could transport water and nutrients began to flourish across the planet. *Illustration:* Vascular plant leaves/stem, labeled "Vascular plants". 9. **9 200 MILLION YEARS AGO:** The earliest known mammals were the Morganucodontids, which were small animals the size of shrews. *Illustration:* Mammal (mouse-like), labeled "Mammals". 10. **10 450,000 YEARS AGO:** The first fossil evidence of early modern humans is from 300,000 years ago. Homo sapiens have existed for 450,000 years at most - 1/10,000th the age of Earth. *Illustration:* Two human figures (one holding a club), labeled "Humans". **Annotation:** "Homo sapiens have existed for 450,000 years at most" **Other Text:** Origin of Earth **"Did you know?" box:** Did you know? You weigh less at the equator than at the poles **Credits:** © AdobeStock / Shutterstock / Getty **Chart/Diagram Description:** * **Type:** Circular timeline integrated with an illustration of Earth. * **Main Elements:** * **Central Image:** A stylized illustration of planet Earth showing continents (likely South America and Africa). * **Timeline Ring:** A yellow ring around the Earth, marked with radial lines indicating time points. The timeline proceeds clockwise, starting from the top right (labeled 1) and moving around. * **Time Scale:** Numbers labeled on the timeline ring: 4.5 billion years (at 1), 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1 (going counter-clockwise - the main text labels are placed around the ring following a clockwise direction for events). * **Numbered Points:** Ten green numbered squares (1 to 10) are placed outside the timeline ring, connected by lines to specific points on the timeline or general areas outside the ring. Each number corresponds to a text description and an illustration. * **Arrows:** Arrows along the timeline ring show the general direction of time progression (clockwise). * **Labels:** "Origin of Earth" is labeled near the starting point of the timeline. * **Illustrations:** Each numbered point is associated with a small illustration representing the life form or event described: * Point 1: Earth (part of the main diagram) * Point 2: Two star/sparkle shapes ("Life") * Point 3: Rod-shaped bacteria ("Phototrophic bacteria") * Point 4: Chain of spheres ("Cyanobacteria and other phototrophs") * Point 5: Circle with many small spheres ("Macroscopic eukaryotes") * Point 6: Group of larger spheres within a circle ("Algal kingdoms") * Point 7: Shell ("Shelly invertebrates") * Point 8: Plant stem with leaves ("Vascular plants") * Point 9: Mouse-like animal ("Mammals") * Point 10: Two human figures ("Humans") * **Relative Position and Direction:** The timeline circles the Earth. The numbered points and their associated text/illustrations are positioned around the periphery, linked to points on the timeline ring. The flow of the timeline appears to be clockwise from 4.5 billion years ago to the present. **ENVIRONMENT** *(Image Annotation)* There's one gram of gold in 110 million tonnes of ocean water, which is around 42 square miles **THE SEA IS FULL OF GOLD** There are 20 million tonnes of gold suspended in Earth's oceans. However, this gold can't be easily and efficiently extracted. In 1872, chemist Edward Sonstadt discovered traces of gold in samples of seawater. Scientists had previously known that there was silver, copper and lead suspended in the oceans, but after news of its valuable gold content, people rushed to explore ways of extracting the wealth in the waves. Despite there being about 100 times more gold in the ocean than on land, when dispersed throughout the oceans, the concentration is very low and extraction isn't cost effective. In 2018, chemists in Switzerland invented a gold-collecting sponge - material that binds with and concentrates the gold in water. This is a porous polymer that targets and attracts 90 to 99 per cent of gold ions in water. Even though production of this material is relatively inexpensive, it would need to be treated with ascorbic acid between uses to regenerate the chemical attraction, making the process too costly. **Did you know?** Coral reefs are Earth's largest living structures **EARTH'S MAGNETIC NORTH POLE IS MOVING** How does Earth's core affect the magnetic field surrounding the planet? **Chart/Diagram Description:** Type: Cutaway diagram of the Earth showing internal layers and external magnetic field lines with labels and annotations. Main Elements: - Earth's layers: Outer Core, Solid Inner Core, Liquid Outer Core, Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle, Crust are labeled. The diagram shows the relative positions of these layers in a cutaway view. Arrows indicate supposed movement or interaction between layers. - Magnetic field: Represented by green curved lines emerging from the Earth near the South Pole and returning near the North Pole, forming a magnetic field shape. Some lines extend far into space. - Poles: Magnetic North Pole, Geographic North Pole are indicated with points on the Earth's surface. - Agonic Line: A line labeled "AGONIC LINE" is shown on the Earth's surface. - Regions: Siberia and Alaska are labeled on the Earth's surface. - Symbols: A minus (-) sign is shown within the magnetic field lines over Siberia, and a plus (+) sign is shown within the magnetic field lines over Alaska. - Arrows: A large red arrow labeled 6 shows the direction of the magnetic north pole's movement from an older position towards a newer position over time, pointing towards Siberia/Russia. Arrows also indicate supposed movement in the outer core (labeled 3). - Numbered Labels: Several elements are labeled with numbers (1-7) corresponding to text descriptions. **Numbered Labels and Descriptions:** 1. **OUTER CORE** Earth's outer core is made up of molten metal that spins 1,864 miles below the surface. 2. **MAGNETIC NORTH** The magnetic north pole has moved almost the same distance in the last 30 years as it did in the previous 180 years. 3. **MOLTEN MOVEMENT** Elements near the boundary of Earth's inner core create convection currents in the molten outer core, causing the material to rotate and generating a magnetic field. 4. **POLARITIES** Earth's magnetic field has two opposite polarities. Labelled positive and negative, they are north-seeking and south-seeking. 5. **MAGNETIC POLE** Magnetic north is located where magnetic fields lines emerge from Earth perpendicular to the surface. 6. **MAGNETIC MOVEMENT** Due to unpredictable flows in Earth's molten core, magnetic north has shifted from northern Canada, where it lay in 1590. 7. **SIBERIA-BOUND** Since 2015, magnetic north has moved 30 miles a year towards Siberia, Russia. DID YOU KNOW? Antarctica holds 70 per cent of Earth's freshwater **EARTH IS SQUISHED** When viewed from space, Earth looks round, but our planet is an ellipsoid. Earth bulges at the equator under the centrifugal force produced by the planet's rotation. Centrifugal force is the tendency of an object spinning in a circular motion to move away from the axis it's rotating on. The outward force is greater at the equator, and because of the fluidity of the molten core, it's capable of contorting slightly. As a result, the diameter of Earth at the poles is about 7,900 miles, while at the equator it's about 7,926 miles. The bulge at the equator is 26 miles. This is twice the distance from Mount Everest's peak to the ocean's deepest point [Image: Illustration of Earth with a bulge at the equator, colored red and blue indicating some property like gravity or elevation.] **ANTARCTICA IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST DESERT** The world's largest desert doesn't bake in extreme heat or feature sand dunes stretching to the horizon. Instead, the entire record-breaking continent of Antarctica is extremely dry - the definition of a desert being a region of low precipitation. It has an area of 5.37 million square miles and the lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth: -89 degrees Celsius. A landscape is classed as a desert when it receives less than 250 millimetres of rainfall over a year. Antarctica falls well below this threshold. With an average annual precipitation of 50 millimetres, it's a cold, polar desert. The other main desert types include hot and dry, semi-arid and coastal deserts. The polar desert of Antarctica shares features of some more common desert types with its flat, desolate and windswept land. There are only two flowering plants that grow on the continent - Antarctic hair grass and Antarctic pearlwort. [Image: Snowy, windswept landscape.] [Image Caption: Antarctic landscapes are extremely dry because the cold air holds less moisture.] **THE HOTTEST PLACE ON EARTH AVERAGES 45°C** Furnace Creek in Death Valley, California, has blazing air temperatures, reaching a high of 56.7 degrees Celsius on 10 July 1913. Currently, the summer months see an average daily high of 45 degrees Celsius, and surface heat is even higher. On a typical summer night, the lowest temperatures are between 30 and 35 degrees Celsius. In 1972, the ground temperature was recorded to be close to the boiling temperature of water. This is largely due to the shape and depth of Death Valley. The valley has a depth of 86 metres below sea level and is surrounded by steep mountain walls. Because the ground is unable to support much vegetation, the intense summer sunlight has direct contact with the desert's rock and soil, heating the surface. As a result, any heat that radiates from the ground becomes trapped in the valley. [Image: Desert valley landscape with colorful mountains.] [Image Caption: Death Valley got its name after a group of pioneers were lost in the winter of 1849 and feared they would all die - one person did.] [Credit: © Alamy/Shutterstock] **Textual Information:** **Title:** ENVIRONME **Subtitle/Main Title:** THE GROUND YOU WALK ON IS RECYCLED **Subtitle:** Earth's crust is recycled through subduction, melting and eruption **Did you know?** People have climbed Mount Everest with no oxygen **Quote/Annotation:** "In a volcanic eruption, magma spills onto the surface" **Image Caption:** Lava is molten rock above the surface **Numbered Steps/Descriptions:** 1 WEATHERING AND EROSION Changes in temperature and exposure to wind and rain cause rock and soil to break apart. 2 SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION Sediments that break away from the surface are washed or blown to new areas to make new layers. 3 COMPACTION AND CEMENTATION As sand, clay or dirt is pressed together over time by gravity, pushing upper layers downwards, gaps between sediment are reduced to form sedimentary rock. 4 PRESSURISED ROCK Sedimentary rock is exposed to increased heat and high pressures that change the rock's mineral structure and texture, turning it into harder metamorphic rock. 5 MELT TO MAGMA Geothermal heat melts metamorphic rock into magma. 6 CRYSTALLISATION When magma cools and solidifies, it crystallises into a new structure to form igneous rock. 7 MAGMA TO LAVA In a volcanic eruption, magma spills onto the surface of Earth, becoming lava. When this cools, it becomes a new layer of igneous rock. 8 HEIGHTENED LAYERS New rock layers reach the surface when the top layer is eroded away, exposing the minerals beneath. **Labels on Diagram:** LAVA 7 MAGMA 5 IGNEOUS ROCK 6 SEDIMENTARY ROCK 3 METAMORPHIC ROCK 4 **Processes/Arrows on Diagram:** Slow uplift to the surface Transport and deposition Sedimentation Compaction and cementation Burial, high temperatures and pressures Melting Crystallisation of magma Magma forms from molten crust and mantle **Chart/Diagram Description:** **Type:** Flowchart / Diagram illustrating the Rock Cycle. **Main Elements:** * The diagram shows the Earth's crust and upper mantle in cross-section, depicting different types of rock layers (Igneous Rock, Sedimentary Rock, Metamorphic Rock, Magma, Lava). * Processes in the rock cycle are represented by arrows connecting different rock types and locations. * Numbered labels (1-8) correspond to specific processes described in the text below the diagram. * **Igneous Rock:** Located in the upper crust, formed from magma/lava. Process 6 (Crystallisation of magma) leads to Igneous Rock. Process 1 (Weathering and erosion) acts on the surface layer. * **Sediment:** Shown being transported and deposited on the surface (Process 2 - Sediment Transportation) and forming layers under water (Sedimentation). * **Sedimentary Rock:** Formed from sediment through Process 2 (Sedimentation) followed by Process 3 (Compaction and cementation). Located below the surface layers. Subjected to Process 4 (Burial, high temperatures and pressures). * **Metamorphic Rock:** Formed from Sedimentary Rock (Process 3 + Process 4) or potentially Igneous Rock (arrow from Igneous Rock to Metamorphic Rock, labeled with 4). Located deeper in the crust. Subjected to Process 5 (Melting). * **Magma:** Located deep within the Earth, forms from melting (Process 5 - Melt to Magma). Magma can rise (arrow upwards) towards the surface or crystallise underground. Process "Magma forms from molten crust and mantle" is labelled near the magma reservoir. * **Lava:** Magma that reaches the surface (Process 7 - Magma to Lava, indicated by a volcanic eruption). Lava cools to form new Igneous Rock. * **Arrows:** Show the transformation or movement between rock types and locations: * Weathering & Erosion (1) leads to Transport & Deposition (2). * Transport & Deposition (2) leads to Sedimentation (2). * Sedimentation (2) leads to Compaction and Cementation (3). * Compaction and Cementation (3) leads to Sedimentary Rock. * Sedimentary Rock undergoes Burial, high temperatures and pressures (4) to become Metamorphic Rock. * Igneous Rock can undergo Burial, high temperatures and pressures (arrow labeled 4 pointing towards Metamorphic Rock). * Metamorphic Rock undergoes Melting (5) to form Magma. * Magma undergoes Crystallisation (6) to form Igneous Rock. * Magma can rise to the surface (7) becoming Lava. * Lava cools (part of 7) to form Igneous Rock. * Igneous Rock can undergo Weathering and Erosion (1). * There are arrows showing "Slow uplift to the surface" acting on deeper rocks/layers, bringing them towards the surface where Weathering and Erosion (1) can occur. This is associated with Process 8 (Heightened Layers). * **Atmospheric Elements:** Clouds, rain, and snow are depicted above a mountain, indicating the source of weathering (precipitation). * **Water Body:** A body of water (ocean/lake) is shown on the right, indicating where sedimentation occurs. * **Mountain/Volcano:** A prominent peak is shown, representing the land surface and a potential volcanic eruption site. * **Deep Earth:** Layers below the surface represent the crust and upper mantle where heat and pressure are high. * **Numbered Squares:** Green squares with numbers 1 through 8 are placed near the corresponding process in the diagram. DID YOU KNOW? Depending where on the planet you stand, you could be spinning over 1,000 miles per hour with Earth MILLIONS OF INDONESIANS LIVE IN RANGE OF A VOLCANIC ERUPTION 7 When a volcano erupts, most fatalities occur in communities that lie within 6.2 miles of it. In Indonesia, there are around 130 active volcanoes that make up the Pacific Ring of Fire, and 8.6 million people live within this deadly range. More than 3 per cent of Indonesia's population live within 100 miles of the ring's 130 active volcanoes. Indonesia's abundance of volcanoes is due to its placement in the Ring of Fire. This is a horseshoe-shaped zone where seismic activity is high and 75 per cent of the world's active volcanoes lie, as it traces the boundaries between multiple tectonic plates. When Earth's tectonic plates move, they can release magma from beneath the surface. [Image description within Section 7]: A map showing a region of the Earth with labels including Indonesia, New Zealand, Toriga Is, Mauna Loa, Kilauea, Mariana Is, Krakatau, Tambora, Mt Agung, Mt Semeru, Mt Rinjani, Redoubt, Katmai ("Valley of 10,000 Smokes"), Mt. St. Helens, Popocatépetl, Cotopaxi, Nevado Ruiz, Etna, Santorini, Vesuvius, Laki, Canary Is, Deception Is, Easter Is, South Sandwich Is, and a dashed line indicating the "RING OF FIRE". Areas around some volcanoes are highlighted in red. Mount Tambora in Indonesia was reduced in height from 4,300 to 2,851 metres after its 1815 eruption [Diagram Description]: A sequence of five world maps (labeled a, b, c, d, e) illustrating the movement of continents over time, depicting the transition from Pangaea to future configurations. - Map a: Labeled "200 Ma". Shows Pangaea continent surrounded by Tethys and Panthalassa oceans. Longitude and latitude lines are visible. - Map b: Labeled "0 Ma (present)". Shows modern continents (Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean). An arrow labeled "Break-up" points from map a to map b. - Arrow labeled "Assembly" and "Future" points from map b towards maps c, d, and e. - Maps c, d, e show possible future supercontinents referred to as "Amasia". - Map c: Labeled "Extroversion". Shows Amasia continent surrounded by "Superocean". Longitude and latitude lines. - Map d: Labeled "Orthoversio". Shows Amasia continent and some fragmented "Internal oceans". Longitude and latitude lines. - Map e: Labeled "Introversion". Shows Amasia continent and "Superocean". Longitude and latitude lines. - Legend: Boxes labeled "External oceans", "Internal oceans", "Continents/Orogens", "Subduction in external oceans" (indicated by red triangles), "Subduction in internal oceans" (indicated by yellow triangles). This diagram shows how Pangaea became today's continents and three possible plate movements that could form Amasia ASIA AND AMERICA WILL COLLIDE IN 200 MILLION YEARS 9 The Pacific is the largest of Earth's oceans, but it won't exist forever. Scientists predict that the surrounding continents of America, Asia and Australia will close in with the movement of tectonic plates, and will eventually collide and connect in over 200 million years. The supercontinent that will be formed as a result is referred to as Amasia, aptly merging the names of these continents. The existence of a huge supercontinent isn't new. Millions of years ago, Earth's land was unified as Pangaea. Continents are embedded within tectonic plates, which are constantly moving against and underneath one another in a process called subduction. The very same convection currents in the mantle that will slowly bring Amasia together caused the continent of Pangaea to be broken apart into today's land masses. © Chuan Huang, Zheng-Xiang Li, Nan Zhang (Source annotation) EVEREST ISN'T EARTH'S TALLEST MOUNTAIN 10 Most people will tell you that the tallest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, straddling Nepal and China. However, this is only true when considering its altitude above sea level. Mount Everest has a summit 8,849 metres above sea level and is the highest peak. But if you were to measure the world's mountains from the base to the summit, Mauna Kea in Hawaii can be considered the tallest. Mauna Kea is 10,210 metres from its base to its peak. It's located on the largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago. When the Pacific plate, the largest tectonic plate, moved over this area, a column of molten rock was released up to the surface to form the volcanic mountain. Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador could also be considered a contender for the record, as its peak is the farthest from Earth's centre – it's over 2,072 metres farther from the planet's core than Mount Everest is. More than 7,000 people have summitted Mount Everest [Image description within Section 10]: A photograph of a large, snow-covered mountain range, likely Mount Everest. The sky is cloudy. © Shutterstock / Alamy / Getty (Source annotation)