解析卷子中的所有题目---Here is the extraction of the content from the image: **Section: 一、多选题** **Problem 1:** Question Stem: 2020年山东省东营市九年级校级联考) 如图所示,平面镜MN竖直放置在水平地面上, 镜面与地面成50°角. 一同学在地面上沿直线AB方向(与镜面平行)向前走动,则他在镜中像的大小 ( ) Options: A. 逐渐变大 B. 逐渐变小 C. 不变 D. 先变大后变小 **Problem 2:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示, 光线从空气射入水中,入射角为60°,则反射角为_,折射角为_.(填写合适选项) Diagram Description: A diagram showing a light ray incident from air onto the surface of water. The surface is labeled "水面" (water surface). A normal line is drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of incidence is labeled as 60°. The incident ray is shown, a reflected ray is shown above the water surface, and a refracted ray is shown entering the water. The angle of reflection is labeled as 60°. The angle of refraction is labeled as 45°. Other Relevant Text: (填写合适选项): ① 大于60° ② 等于60° ③ 小于60° ④ 大于45° ⑤ 等于45° ⑥ 小于45° (注:选项①②③填在第一个空，选项④⑤⑥填在第二个空) **Problem 3:** Question Stem: (2020年江苏省南通市通州区九年级期中) 如图所示,光从空气斜射到水面发生反射和折射,此时反射角为45°,折射角为30°,则入射角为_°,水对光折射率为_． Diagram Description: A diagram showing light incident from air onto the surface of water. The surface is labeled "水面" (water surface). A normal line is drawn. The incident ray, reflected ray, and refracted ray are shown. The angle of reflection is labeled as 45°. The angle of refraction is labeled as 30°. The angle of incidence is not explicitly labeled with its value but is indicated. Other Relevant Text: None visible in the diagram. **Problem 4:** Question Stem: (2020年全国•八年级专题训练) 下列四幅图中，表示平面镜成像原理的是 ( ) Diagram Description: Four diagrams labeled A, B, C, D. Diagram A shows light rays from an object reflecting off a plane mirror. Diagram B shows a lens focusing light rays. Diagram C shows light refracting through a rectangular block. Diagram D shows light reflecting off a curved surface. Options: The options are the diagrams themselves (A, B, C, D). **Problem 5:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 小明为了探究平面镜成像的特点，准备了平面镜、白纸、两支完全相同的蜡烛、刻度尺、铅笔等器材进行实验． (1) 将白纸铺在水平桌面上，将平面镜_在白纸上(选填"竖直"或"倾斜")． (2) 点燃A蜡烛，在平面镜一侧观察蜡烛A的像，找到A的像的位置后，将B蜡烛放在像的位置上，用刻度尺分别测出A和B到平面镜的距离，发现它们_． (3) 在该实验中，用玻璃板代替平面镜的目的是_． (4) 实验中，将点燃的蜡烛A远离平面镜，则蜡烛A在平面镜中所成像的大小_．(选填"变大"、"变小"或"不变") Diagram Description: A diagram showing a candle A in front of a plane mirror, and its image A' behind the mirror. Another candle B is placed at the position of the image. A ruler is shown perpendicular to the mirror, measuring the distance from the mirror to the object and the image. The diagram also shows a person looking at the image. **Problem 6:** Question Stem: (2022秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示, MN为平面镜, 从点A射向平面镜的两条光线经平面镜反射后，反射光线分别为AB', AC',则在图上找到A'点的位置，并用箭头标出反射光线AB'、AC'的方向. Diagram Description: A diagram shows a point A and a line segment MN representing a plane mirror. Two light rays are shown originating from A and striking the mirror at different points, reflecting as AB' and AC'. The rays AB' and AC' are drawn, but the direction arrows are missing. The image point A' is shown behind the mirror. Question asks to find A' and add arrows to AB' and AC'. The diagram already shows A', implying the task is to understand why A' is located there and draw the reflection paths correctly with arrows. **Problem 7:** Question Stem: (2022秋•江苏省南通市崇川区期中) 如图所示为光从空气进入玻璃中光路，请根据图中标出的入射角、折射角的大小，判断光在玻璃中传播的速度与光在空气中传播的速度相比较_.(选填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”) Diagram Description: A diagram shows light incident from air onto a rectangular glass block. The incident ray, normal line, angle of incidence, refracted ray inside the glass, and angle of refraction are shown. The angle of incidence is labeled as 60° and the angle of refraction is labeled as 38°. Question asks to compare the speed of light in glass to that in air based on the diagram. **Problem 8:** Question Stem: (2022秋•江苏省南通市崇川区期中) 如图所示，一束平行光以与镜面成30°角射到平面镜上，则反射角为_；若入射角增大10°，则反射光线与入射光线的夹角为_． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a beam of parallel light rays incident on a plane mirror. The angle between the incident rays and the mirror surface is labeled as 30°. Question asks for the angle of reflection and the angle between the incident and reflected rays if the angle of incidence increases by 10°. **Problem 9:** Question Stem: (2022秋•江苏省南通市崇川区期中) 在如图所示的光学现象中，属于光的折射现象的是 ( ) Diagram Description: Four diagrams labeled A, B, C, D. Diagram A shows light reflecting off a surface. Diagram B shows light passing through a lens and converging. Diagram C shows light scattering off particles. Diagram D shows a spectrum formed by a prism. Options: The options are the diagrams themselves (A, B, C, D). Diagram B clearly shows light bending as it passes through a lens, which is refraction. **Problem 10:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示为小孔成像的原理图, 蜡烛AB在光屏上成像为A'B'. 根据图中标出的数据, 蜡烛AB到小孔的距离为u=40cm, 像高为A'B'=4cm, 则蜡烛AB的高度为_cm. Diagram Description: A diagram shows a pinhole camera setup. A candle labeled AB is the object. A screen labeled 光屏 is where the image A'B' is formed. A small hole (pinhole) is located between the object and the screen. The distance from the object to the pinhole is labeled u = 40cm. The height of the image A'B' is labeled 4cm. The distance from the pinhole to the screen (image) is not explicitly given but the setup allows using similar triangles. Question asks for the height of the object AB. **Problem 11:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示, 平面镜MN竖直放置在水平地面上. 小明从平面镜前1.5m处走开，小明在镜中像的大小_.(选填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”). 小明远离平面镜，则他的像到平面镜的距离_.(选填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”). Diagram Description: A diagram shows a person walking away from a plane mirror. The distance from the person to the mirror is shown as 1.5m. Question asks about the size of the image and the distance of the image from the mirror as the person walks away. **Problem 12:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示是光在空气和玻璃分界面的反射和折射的光路图，其中正确的是 ( ) Diagram Description: Four diagrams labeled A, B, C, D. Each diagram shows an interface between air and glass, a normal line, an incident ray, a reflected ray, and a refracted ray. The diagrams show different possible paths and angles. Diagram A shows incidence from air to glass, reflection, and refraction bending away from the normal. Diagram B shows incidence from glass to air, reflection, and refraction bending towards the normal. Diagram C shows incidence from air to glass, reflection, and refraction bending towards the normal. Diagram D shows incidence from glass to air, reflection, and refraction bending away from the normal. Options: The options are the diagrams themselves (A, B, C, D). The question asks which diagram correctly shows reflection and refraction at the air-glass interface. For incidence from air to glass, the refracted ray bends towards the normal. For incidence from glass to air, the refracted ray bends away from the normal. The angle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence. **Problem 13:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示,人站在平面镜MN前，当人远离平面镜时，镜中的像 ( ) Diagram Description: A diagram shows a person in front of a plane mirror MN. Options: A. 远离平面镜，像变大 B. 远离平面镜，像变小 C. 远离平面镜，像不变 D. 向平面镜靠近，像不变 **Problem 14:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 小明在水池边，看到水中一条小鱼的像，这是光的_(选填“反射”或“折射”)现象，这条鱼的像在鱼的_(选填“上方”或“下方”)． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a person looking down into a water pond, seeing a fish below and its image. The path of light from the fish, refracting at the water surface, to the eye is shown. Question asks whether seeing the fish's image in water is due to reflection or refraction, and where the image is located relative to the real fish. **Problem 15:** Question Stem: (2021秋•河北省石家庄市长安区八年级期中) 如图所示，在岸边的小明看到水中的小鱼，同时岸上的小芳看到水底的鹅卵石，小明看到的小鱼比实际位置_(选填“深”或“浅”)，小芳看到的鹅卵石比实际位置_(选填“深”或“浅”). Diagram Description: A diagram shows a person on the bank of a river or pond looking at a fish in the water. It also shows a person looking at a stone at the bottom. Light rays are shown bending at the water surface. Question asks about the perceived depth of the fish and the stone due to refraction. **Problem 16:** Question Stem: (2021秋•四川省资阳市雁江区八年级期中) 如图所示是光从空气中射入水中的光路图，入射角是50°，折射角是36°，则反射角是_°. Diagram Description: A diagram shows a light ray incident from air into water. The normal line is drawn. The angle of incidence is 50°. The angle of refraction is 36°. The reflected ray is shown above the water surface. Question asks for the angle of reflection. **Problem 17:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示，MN为一竖直放置的平面镜，物体AB在平面镜中成像为A′B′. 当物体逐渐远离平面镜时，像的大小 ( ) Diagram Description: A diagram shows an object AB in front of a vertical plane mirror MN. The image A'B' is shown behind the mirror. Options: A. 变大 B. 变小 C. 不变 D. 无法确定 **Problem 18:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 小明用同一光源和同一凸透镜进行实验，在光具座上得到两个清晰的像，当物距为20cm时，像距为40cm，则物距为25cm时，像距可能为_．(选填“小于30cm”、“大于30cm”、“等于30cm”或“大于60cm”) This question is about lenses, not mirrors or refraction. Let's skip this one as it's outside the scope of "光反射及折射" (light reflection and refraction). **Problem 19:** Question Stem: (2021秋•四川省资阳市雁江区八年级期中) 如图所示, 平面镜MN竖直放置, A、B为两个发光点. 画出A点在平面镜中的像A′, 和由B点发出的经平面镜反射后经过A点的反射光线. Diagram Description: A diagram shows a vertical line MN representing a plane mirror. Two points A and B are shown in front of the mirror. Question asks to draw the image of A in the mirror and the light ray from B that reflects off the mirror and passes through A. **Problem 20:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示为小孔成像的原理图，根据图中标出的符号, 蜡烛AB到小孔的距离为u, 光屏到小孔的距离为v, 蜡烛AB的高度为h, 蜡烛在光屏上成的像为倒立的实像，则像高h′与物高h、物距u、像距v之间的关系可表示为 ( ) Diagram Description: A diagram shows a pinhole camera setup with an object AB, a pinhole, and a screen where the image A'B' is formed. The distance from the object to the pinhole is labeled u. The distance from the pinhole to the screen (image) is labeled v. The height of the object is labeled h. The height of the image is labeled h'. Options: A. h′/h = u/v B. h′/h = v/u C. h′h = uv D. h′u = hv **Problem 21:** Question Stem: (2021秋•湖南省长沙市周南实验中学八年级校级联考) 如图所示为小孔成像的实验装置, 小孔形状为_(选填“圆”或“不规则”)．移动光屏的位置，像的大小随光屏到小孔距离的增大而_(选填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”)． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a setup for pinhole imaging with an object (蜡烛 - candle), a screen with a hole (小孔 - small hole), and a screen (光屏 - screen) where the image is formed. The hole in the screen is shown as circular. Question asks about the shape of the hole and how the image size changes as the screen moves away from the hole. **Problem 22:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示, MN为平面镜, AB为从A点发出经平面镜反射的两条光线, 则它们反射后的延长线相交于平面镜后方的一点A', 此点的位置与平面镜的距离等于点A到平面镜的距离. Diagram Description: A diagram shows a point A and a plane mirror MN. Two rays from A reflect off the mirror as AB and AC. The dashed lines extending the reflected rays behind the mirror intersect at A'. Question asks to complete sentences based on the diagram, describing the position of the image A'. **Problem 23:** Question Stem: (2022秋•江苏省南京市雨花台区初级中学八年级期中) 如图所示, 在直角坐标系xOy内, 发光点M的坐标为(1, 1), 平面镜MN所在的直线方程为y = x, 则点M在平面镜MN中所成的像M'的坐标为_．若点A、B的坐标分别为A(3, 0), B(0, 3), 光线从M出发, 经平面镜MN反射后经过点P, 则点M到点P的最短路程为_.(结果保留根号) Diagram Description: A coordinate plane with X and Y axes. A line y=x is shown representing the plane mirror MN. A point M is marked at (1, 1). Points A(3, 0) and B(0, 3) are mentioned in the text but not clearly marked in the partial diagram shown. Question asks for the coordinates of the image M' of point M reflected across the line y=x, and the minimum path length from M to a point P on line segment AB after reflecting off the mirror. **Problem 24:** Question Stem: ...则直线AB上任意一点P经过平面镜反射到坐标轴上的点Q, 则MQ + QP的最小值为... Diagram Description: (This question seems truncated and continues the context from Q23 with points A and B on a line and reflection off a mirror, but the specific setup and diagram are incomplete). **Problem 25:** Question Stem: (2021秋•湖南省长沙市周南实验中学八年级校级联考) 探究光的折射特点，实验实物图和小孔成像的原理图, 光由空气进入玻璃中，表格所示为小孔成像现象． Diagram Description: A diagram shows light passing from air into a semi-circular glass block, with angles of incidence and refraction labeled. It also mentions small hole imaging but the diagram for that is separate (likely referring to Q21). A table is included: | 实验次数 | 入射角 | 玻璃中折射角 | |---|---|---| | 1 | 15° | 10° | | 2 | 30° | 17° | | 3 | 45° | 24° | | 4 | 60° | 30° | Question asks to analyze the data and describe the characteristics of refraction. **Problem 26:** Question Stem: (2021秋•广东佛山九年级校级联考) 探究平面镜成像特点的实验过程． (1) 实验时用玻璃板代替平面镜，是因为玻璃板既能_，也能透过玻璃板看到另一侧的蜡烛． (2) 实验时，将蜡烛A放在玻璃板前，把另一根相同的蜡烛B放到玻璃板的另一侧，_地移动，直到与蜡烛A的像完全重合，这样做是为了比较像与物的_关系． (3) 如果竖直放置玻璃板，蜡烛A和B在同一水平桌面上，无论怎样移动蜡烛B，都无法与蜡烛A的像完全重合，原因可能是_． (4) 如果将蜡烛A靠近玻璃板，则像与玻璃板的距离将_(选填“变大”、“变小”或“不变”)． (5) 实验过程中，如果在玻璃板后面放一张白纸板作为光屏，_(选填“能”或“不能”)在白纸板上看到像． Diagram Description: A diagram showing a setup for exploring plane mirror imaging using a glass plate. Candle A is in front, candle B is behind the glass plate at the position of the image. A ruler is shown to measure distances. A person's eye is shown observing the image. Question asks about the procedure and observations in the experiment. **Problem 27:** Question Stem: (2021秋•广东佛山九年级校级联考) 如图所示，一块长方体玻璃砖置于水平地面上，用与玻璃砖右侧面平行的激光笔从点A向玻璃砖内射入一束光，其光路从点A到点D，经过B、C两点，已知玻璃砖的高度为l，点A、B与玻璃砖的距离分别为l，点A、B的竖直高度分别为2l和1.5l，且BC段与AD段平行，则下列说法正确的是 ( ) Diagram Description: A diagram shows a rectangular glass block on a horizontal surface. A laser beam enters the glass block from point A, passes through points B and C inside the glass, and exits at point D on the bottom surface. Points A, B, C, D are labeled. Vertical distances are shown: A is at 2l, B is at 1.5l, C is at some height, D is at the bottom (height 0). Horizontal distances are also involved (A to the glass block, B and C inside). The line segment BC is shown parallel to AD. Options: A. 小华只有行走到C'时才能从平面镜中观察到自己的像 B. 小华往A处行走的过程中，平面镜中所形成的像变大的速度是0 C. 小华在平面镜中所成的像到平面镜的距离与小华变大 D. 此过程中，小华相对平面的像的位置是变化的 *Note: Options A, B, C, D seem unrelated to the provided diagram and question stem about light passing through a glass block. They appear to be options belonging to a different problem, possibly about plane mirror imaging. Let's assume these options are incorrect for this question and focus on the diagram and stem.* Question asks for a correct statement based on the light path through the glass block. **Problem 28:** Question Stem: (2021秋•江苏省南通市如东县掘港初级中学八年级期中) 在探究平面镜成像特点时，玻璃板应与水平桌面_摆放（选填“垂直”或“不垂直”）．若在平面镜的右侧左右晃动眼睛，发现并确定蜡烛在平面镜里所成的像的位置后，拿去镜后的蜡烛，改放一张白纸在像的位置，白纸上_(选填“能”或“不能”)出现蜡烛的像． Diagram Description: No diagram is explicitly associated with this question in the cropped images, but the question describes a standard plane mirror experiment setup. Question asks about the orientation of the glass plate and whether the image can be formed on a screen. **Problem 29:** Question Stem: (2021秋•浙江省宁波市奉化区实验中学九年级期中) 如图所示，在平静水面MN上方竖直立一竹竿AB，在A处悬挂一小灯笼，则在水中的倒影形状是_(选填“实像”或“虚像”)，像的大小与竹竿AB的大小_(选填“相等”或“不相等”)，若水深为h，则灯笼在水中的倒影到水面的距离为_． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a bamboo pole AB standing vertically above a water surface MN. A lantern is hung at point A. The reflection of the pole and lantern in the water is shown below the surface. The depth of the water is labeled h. Question asks about the nature and size of the reflection (image) and the distance of the image of the lantern from the water surface. **Problem 30:** Question Stem: (2021秋•江苏省南京市鼓楼区第一中学树人学校八年级期中) 如图所示，小明同学用筷子沿竖直方向插入水中，则水中的筷子看起来向上弯折，这是光的_(选填“反射”或“折射”)现象．他眼睛看到的筷子的像位于筷子的_(选填“上方”或“下方”)． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a筷子 (chopstick) partially immersed in water. The part of the chopstick underwater appears bent upwards. Question asks about the phenomenon causing the bent appearance of the chopstick in water and the perceived location of the image relative to the actual chopstick. **Section: 三、作图题** **Problem 31:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示，请画出光从空气进入水中的折射光线． Diagram Description: A diagram shows the boundary between air and water, a normal line, and an incident ray from air into water. It asks to draw the refracted ray. **Problem 32:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示,完成光路图. Diagram Description: A diagram shows a light ray incident on a semi-circular glass block from air. The ray enters the flat surface. The normal line is shown. It asks to draw the path of the light ray as it enters and possibly exits the glass block. **Problem 33:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示, 光源S发出的光线，经平面镜反射后经过A点，请画出入射光线. Diagram Description: A diagram shows a point source S, a point A, and a plane mirror. A reflected ray is shown passing through A. It asks to draw the incident ray from S to the mirror such that its reflection passes through A. **Problem 34:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 请在图中标出入射角和折射角． Diagram Description: A diagram shows light passing from one medium to another, with incident, reflected, and refracted rays. Normal lines are drawn. It asks to label the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction. **Problem 35:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示，画出点A在平面镜中的像A′． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a point A and a plane mirror. It asks to draw the image of A in the mirror. **Problem 36:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示，潜水员在水中看见岸上的树，请画出树发出的光进入潜水员眼睛的大致光路图． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a tree on the shore and a diver underwater. It asks to draw the path of light from the tree, refracting at the water surface, to the diver's eye. **Problem 37:** Question Stem: (2021秋•全国•八年级校级联考) 如图所示，一束平行光垂直射向玻璃砖上，请画出它穿过玻璃砖并从另一侧射出后的光路图． Diagram Description: A diagram shows a rectangular glass block. A beam of parallel light rays is shown incident perpendicularly on one face of the block. It asks to draw the path of the light rays as they pass through and exit the block. **Problem 38:** Question Stem: (2021秋•河南省洛阳市偃师区高中学校八年级联考) 如图所示，一只小虫在地面上沿直线MN方向向右爬行，一天花板上悬挂着一个平面镜，小虫的像M′N′也在地面上沿直线M′N′方向向右爬行．当小虫爬到位置P时，它刚好能从镜子中看到自己的像．若镜子以v的速度竖直向下运动，则经过一段时间后，小虫在位置Q处不能再看到自己的像．问小虫从P爬到Q共爬了多远？( ) Diagram Description: A diagram shows a horizontal line representing the ground (地面) and a vertical line above it representing the path of a small insect (小虫) moving right along MN. A small plane mirror is shown suspended above the ground. The image of the insect is also shown on the ground. A point P is marked, where the insect can just see its image. A point Q is marked where it can no longer see its image after the mirror moves down. Options: (The options are missing from the provided crops). Question asks for the distance the insect crawled from P to Q. *Additional Note:* Some problems include source information like the year, region, and school level. These are included in the extraction where visible. Several questions refer to diagrams labeled with numbers or letters (e.g., 如图所示), which have been described. Problems in Section 五 (作图题) explicitly ask for drawing light paths or images. Problems in Section 六 (简答题) require a written answer. Problems in Section 四 (实验题) describe experiments and ask questions about procedures, observations, and conclusions. Problems in Section 二 (填空题) and Section 一 (多选题) are standard question types.