In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang successfully conquered the six warring states of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi. This historic achievement ended the chaotic Warring States period and established the first unified Chinese empire under the Qin Dynasty.
The Warring States period lasted from 475 to 221 BC, characterized by constant warfare among seven major states. This era of political fragmentation and military conflict created economic instability and social chaos throughout ancient China, setting the stage for Qin's eventual unification.
Qin's military success relied on advanced technology, professional army organization, and strategic warfare. They used iron weapons, crossbows, and cavalry effectively. Qin also employed diplomatic strategies, forming temporary alliances while isolating enemies economically and politically.
Following unification, Qin Shi Huang implemented comprehensive standardization reforms. These included a unified writing system, standardized currency, common weights and measures, extensive road and canal networks, and a unified legal code. These reforms created administrative efficiency and cultural unity across the empire.
Qin Shi Huang's unification created the foundation of imperial China that lasted over two thousand years. His centralized government model, standardization policies, and the Great Wall construction established precedents followed by subsequent dynasties. This unification created lasting cultural and linguistic unity that defines Chinese civilization today.