Democracy and Republic are two fundamental concepts in political science. Democracy means power is held by the people, while Republic refers to a system with rule of law and no monarchy. Though often confused, they represent different aspects of governance.
Democracy is a system of government where power ultimately comes from the people. In a democracy, citizens participate through free and fair elections, where they choose their representatives. The principle of majority rule guides decision-making, while protecting the rights of minorities.
A Republic is a form of government based on the rule of law, not the rule of individuals. In a republic, there is no hereditary monarchy - leaders are chosen through elections or appointments. A constitution serves as the supreme law, limiting government power and protecting citizens' rights.
The key difference is that democracy describes HOW power is exercised - by the people through voting. Republic describes the STRUCTURE of government - rule of law without monarchy. These concepts can overlap, as in democratic republics like the United States, or exist separately.
In practice, we see various combinations. The United States is a democratic republic with both elected representatives and constitutional limits. Ancient Athens practiced direct democracy where citizens voted directly on issues. Modern China is a republic without full democracy - it has no monarchy but limited electoral participation. These examples show how democracy and republic can exist together or separately.