什麼是Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
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Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia, or BPSD, are non-cognitive symptoms that commonly affect people living with dementia. Unlike memory loss or confusion, BPSD includes behavioral changes like agitation or wandering, and psychological experiences such as depression or hallucinations. These symptoms often cause more distress than cognitive symptoms themselves.
Behavioral symptoms are observable actions that disrupt daily life. These include agitation and aggression, where patients may become verbally or physically hostile. Wandering and pacing are common, with patients walking aimlessly or trying to leave safe areas. Repetitive behaviors like asking the same question repeatedly are also frequent. Other symptoms include screaming, loss of social inhibitions, and withdrawal from activities.
Psychological symptoms are internal experiences that significantly impact mental well-being. Delusions are fixed false beliefs, such as thinking caregivers are stealing or that family members are imposters. Hallucinations involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren't there. Depression is common, causing persistent sadness and loss of interest. Anxiety, sleep disturbances, and rapid mood swings also frequently occur.
BPSD symptoms are often triggered by identifiable factors. Unmet physical needs like pain, hunger, or thirst can cause agitation. Environmental factors such as excessive noise, bright lights, or overstimulation can worsen symptoms. Communication difficulties and changes in routine also trigger distress. Understanding these triggers is crucial for effective management and prevention of BPSD episodes.
Effective BPSD management prioritizes non-pharmacological approaches. Person-centered care focuses on understanding individual needs and preferences. Environmental modifications reduce triggers like noise and confusion. Meaningful activities and structured routines provide comfort and purpose. Caregiver support and education are essential. Medications are used cautiously only when symptoms are severe and other approaches haven't worked, always with careful monitoring.