You are an expert educator with a strong background in cognitive science and memory retention techniques. I need you to explain the source material titled “__________” in a clear and efficient manner, ensuring that no important information is overlooked. Your explanation should incorporate memory retention strategies to enhance understanding and recall. Use the following steps to structure your explanation: 1. Summarize the key concepts from the source in simple language, focusing on the most important points. 2. Identify and explain at least three memory retention techniques that can be applied to the material (e.g., visualization, chunking, spaced repetition). 3. Provide examples of how these techniques can be used to better understand and remember the information from the source. 4. Create a brief recap of the material, highlighting the essential takeaways and how the memory techniques enhance retention. Your final output should be: A concise and structured explanation that is easy to follow, with clear examples and practical advice on using memory techniques. Ensure that the language is straightforward so that anyone, regardless of their background, can grasp the concepts and apply the techniques effectively.---**Chart/Diagram Description:** * **Type:** World Map showing transportation routes. * **Main Elements:** * Shows continents and oceans. * Numerous cities/locations are marked with small circles and labelled (e.g., London, New York, Tokyo, Sydney, Cairo, Cape Town, etc.). These represent origin/destination points or major nodes. * Various colored/styled lines connect these locations, indicating different types of routes. * **Legend:** Explains the line types: * Purple line: Seaport Harbour * Blue line: Airport Terminal * Light blue line: Railway Terminal * Dashed black line: Water way * Small circle symbol: Places * **Scale:** A scale bar indicates 0 km to 3000 km. * **Direction:** A North arrow is present. * **Labels:** Ocean names (Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean), continent outlines. * **Annotations:** Title "Make friends with maps!", Figure number "Fig. 8.2". A small cartoon image is next to the title. **Geographical Explanation Text:** Use the geographical explanation and the map given in Fig. 8.1 and 8.2, and some of the boxes given in this unit. Find out how it is possible for more and more stars coming up in this field of Geography. Geography is essentially a discipline of evaluating and managing natural and human world. It is essential to understand the intricate relationship between Physical Environment and Human beings. Physical Environment provides resources and human beings utilise these resources and ensure their economic and social development. Associated with modern technology, Geography has created a new field known as Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS and so on. In recent years, Geography is gaining importance as a subject relevant to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) given by United Nations and accepted by many nations. The study of Geography, hence, a better understanding of the complex world, helps in resolving many social and environmental problems. Geography helps in understanding and avoiding clashes between man and nature. **Exercise** **Q. 1. Identify the correct group:** A) 1) Urban Geography 2) Climatology 3) Biogeography 4) Historical Geography 5) Tourism 6) Forest conservation 7) Wildlife conservation B) 1) Cartography 2) Survey 3) Disaster Reduction 4) GIS/GPS 5) Forest conservation 6) Wildlife conservation 7) Culture conservation C) 1) Climatology 2) Soil geography 3) Weather analysis 4) Tourism 5) Political 6) Population 7) Human D) 1) Biogeography 2) Conservation 3) Culture conservation 4) Political 5) Population 6) Human 7) Economics **Q. 2. Write short notes on:** a) Branches of Geography related to various branches of Science. b) Scope of Geography. c) Latest trends in Geography. **Q. 3. Skills required for studying Geography.** **Q. 4. Answer in detail:** a) Explain how the knowledge of Geography is important in our day-to-day life. Give examples. b) Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects. c) Explain the scope of Geography in detail. **Q. 5. Differentiate between:** a) Physical Geography and Human Geography. b) Possibilism and Determinism. **Q. 6. Draw a neat, labelled concept diagram:** 1) Relationship between Geography and other subjects. 2) Skills required to study Geography. *** **Other Relevant Text:** Page Number: 80 Page Number: 81 Small text at bottom of page 81: © Government of India Copyrights 2020... All rights reserved... **Page 22** **Image B Description:** * Type: Aerial photograph. * Content: Shows a densely populated urban area with buildings arranged in a grid-like pattern along streets. **Text Box (associated with Image B):** * **Rectangular pattern :** * a) Settlements are laid straight. * b) Such lines are parallel to each other. * c) Cities, towns, planned cities may take such a shape. **Image A Description:** * Type: Aerial photograph. * Content: Shows scattered buildings along a road or river, with open land in between. The buildings are not arranged in a structured grid. **Text Box (associated with Image A):** * **Linear pattern :** * a) Settlements grow along a road, railway, canal or river. * b) The shape is narrow and long, like the shape of the road or the river. **Page 23** **Image C Description:** * Type: Aerial photograph. * Content: Shows a settlement clustered around a port or harbour area, located on a bay or coast. **Text Box (associated with Image C):** * **Potter's pattern :** * a) With the development of transportation hubs, a settlement gets a particular shape. * b) Increasing population leads to increasing density of settlements. * c) Houses are built as per convenience and space available. **Image D Description:** * Type: Aerial photograph. * Content: Shows a settlement spreading outwards from a central point, likely a town square, market, or important building. The pattern resembles spokes of a wheel. **Text Box (associated with Image D):** * **Radial pattern :** * a) Settlements grow around a central point or place. * b) This central point plays an important role in development of the settlements around it. **Image E Description:** * Type: Aerial photograph. * Content: Shows a settlement surrounding a central open space, possibly a lake or pond. **Text Box (associated with Image E):** * **Circular pattern :** * a) Settlements take shape around a lake. * b) These settlements develop because of availability of water. **Image F Description:** * Type: Aerial photograph. * Content: Shows a settlement located at the confluence of two rivers or roads, forming a roughly triangular shape. **Text Box (associated with Image F):** * **Triangular pattern :** * a) Found at the confluence of two rivers, roads or where the sea coast is. * b) The settlements can grow in these locations due to physical or social reasons. **Label:** Fig 3.1 **Always Remember Text Box:** * Settlements refer to a temporary or permanent place of dwelling. All places having some common features, where as people dwell in equilibrium are called settlements. Whereas, in the context of settlement pattern, the term is strictly applied to the structure of the settlements. It implies the actual arrangement of houses and settlements within a given area. * A settlement arrangement or a type of settlement's arrangement is referred to as a pattern. It can be compact or dispersed. **Let's recall... Section:** * You can differentiate between urban and rural settlements? **Geographical Explanation Section:** * Different sites give settlements according to their functions. On the basis of their functions, settlements are mainly divided into two. They are rural settlements and urban settlements. * Rural settlements : Rural settlements carry out primary economic activities. These are mainly agricultural activities. * Urban settlements: They generally carry out secondary and tertiary activities. * Types of urban settlements : Based on functions and size, urban settlements are generally categorised into following types : **Table: Town classification on the basis of population (India 2011)** * Header: Town, Agglomeration, Megalopolis, Outgrowth, City, Mega City * Content: No data or specific population criteria are listed in this table. It only lists terms related to urban classification. **Table: Types of cities based on functions** * Header: Functions | Name of the city from Maharashtra | Name of the city from Brazil * Row 1: Administrative * Row 2: Industrial * Row 3: Mining * Row 4: Commercial * Row 5: Educational * Row 6: Tourism * Row 7: Religious * Row 8: Cultural * Content: Cells in columns 2 and 3 are empty. **Think about it... Section:** * Can a town have only one function? Why do the cities become multi-functional? **Page 24** **Geographical Exploration Section:** * Looking at the cities above, we realise that cities are classified based on their main function. But typically, urban centres generally carry out more than one function as they grow. Due to this, it is difficult to identify a major one. As towns become cities and cities become larger, they become centres of more than one function. **Types of Urban Settlements Section:** * Visit: http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_India.xls * In India, the cities have been divided into various types in India on the basis of their population size. Table 3.3 shows the classification of cities in India and that of Maharashtra. Refer to the website and complete the table given below. **Table: Population Size of Cities** * Header: Classification | Population Size | Classification | Population Size * Row 1: Class I | | Class IV | * Row 2: Class II | | Class V | * Row 3: Class III | | Class VI | * Content: Cells in columns 2 and 4 are empty. **Think about it... Section:** * Looking at the distribution of mining activities in the world, we notice that the mining activity is located along, which reserves from the sea and ocean beds too. **Page 37** **To do... Section:** * Complete the chart by observing the columns A, B and C. Write the number of the relevant characteristic under Type of Agriculture in column C. **Label:** Fig 4.2: Types of Agriculture and Characteristics **Table: Types of Agriculture** * Header: A) Image | B) Characteristics | C) Type of Agriculture * Row 1: * A) Image: Photograph showing farmers working in a field with dense crops (possibly rice). * B) Characteristics: * 1) Small size of farm * 2) Maximum yield from small area * 3) Food crops are dominant * 4) Manual work or use of animals * 5) China, India, Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka, etc. are known examples * 6) Rice is the major crop. * C) Type of Agriculture: Intensive Subsistence **Page 38** **Table: Types of Agriculture (Continued from Page 37)** * Row 2: * A) Image: Photograph showing farmers tending to plants in a greenhouse or nursery. * B) Characteristics: * 1) Large size of farm * 2) Capital intensive, more use of modern methods * 3) Vegetables, fruits, flowers * 4) Use of machinery from sowing to harvesting * 5) Irrigation and commercial animal husbandry is done together. * 6) Proximity to urban centres, income is high. * 7) Examples are India, Singapore, USA, Europe, Australia etc. * 8) Wheat and maize are the major crops. * C) Type of Agriculture: Horticulture * Row 3: * A) Image: Photograph showing farmers picking tea leaves on a hilly slope. * B) Characteristics: * 1) Large farm size. * 2) Single crop cultivation * 3) Cash crop * 4) Local labour is employed * 5) Capital intensive cultivation * 6) Good transportation is required * 7) Per hectare yield low but total production is high * 8) Tea plantation in India gives production for 10 to 15 years * 9) Rubber, cotton, cocoa, coffee, spice plantations in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. * 10) Major examples: Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Cuba, Indonesia, Philippines, Mexico, Hawaii, Vietnam. * C) Type of Agriculture: Plantation * Row 4: * A) Image: Photograph showing sparse cultivation or land being cleared in a forest area. * B) Characteristics: * 1) Clearing of land by 'slash and burn' method. * 2) Use of primitive tools. * 3) Very small farm size. * 4) Total production less. * 5) Cultivation is done only for 2 to 3 years. * 6) People shift and move because fertility decreases. * 7) Forest resources decline and affects environment. * 8) Major examples: North-east tropical regions of Asia, South and Central America and some parts of Africa. * C) Type of Agriculture: Shifting Cultivation **Page 39** **Table: Types of Agriculture (Continued from Page 38)** * Row 5: * A) Image: Photograph showing farmers working in a paddy field, possibly using modern techniques or cooperative methods. * B) Characteristics: * 1) Modern type of agriculture. * 2) Fully mechanized or done by cooperatives. * 3) Found in sparsely populated areas. * 4) Maximum production from minimum labour cost. * 5) Use of capital is high. * 6) Specialised in agricultural activity, use of science, technology, knowledge and capital. * 7) Proper use of labour, manures or fertilizers and irrigation is necessary for maximum production in a shorter journey by trucks. * 8) Production of milk, eggs, meat, fish etc. * 9) Found mainly in highly developed and densely populated urban areas, e.g., Paris, New York, Moscow etc. * 10) Vegetables, fruits, flowers are brought to Pune * C) Type of Agriculture: Extensive Commercial Agriculture * Row 6: * A) Image: Photograph showing a field with tall crops, likely grain, being harvested by machinery. * B) Characteristics: * 1) Wheat is the most important crop. * 2) Cultivated mainly in temperate grasslands. * 3) Extensive use of machines. * 4) High production per farmer but low production per hectare. * 5) Production is mainly for selling in the market. * 6) Major examples: Prairies, Pampas, Velds, Downs, Steppes. * C) Type of Agriculture: Extensive Commercial Agriculture (Note: This seems to overlap with Row 5. The image and characteristics match Extensive Commercial Agriculture more than the previous row's description which sounds more like Dairy Farming or similar intensive/specialized farming). * Row 7: * A) Image: Photograph showing a field of sugarcane or similar row crops. * B) Characteristics: * 1) Only one type of crop cultivated in a large area. * 2) Tropical and sub-tropical regions where climate is supportive. * 3) Crops produced for commercial use. * 4) Crops are processed in nearby factories. * 5) Use of modern technology and capital is high. * 6) Major examples: Sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, jute, tea, coffee, rubber, palm oil, bananas, pineapple, cocoa, indigo, spices etc. * C) Type of Agriculture: Plantation Agriculture (Note: This also seems to overlap with Row 3. The image and characteristics strongly match Plantation Agriculture). **Label:** Fig 4.3: Types of Agriculture and Characteristics **To do... Section:** * On the basis of the information given and pictures shown above, classify the characteristics affecting agriculture into physical and human factors. **Geographical Explanation Section:** * When we look at the distribution of agriculture in the countries of the world, we see that the proportion of people engaged in agriculture in Asia is about 43% and in Europe is 5%. Though the area under agriculture is more in Europe than in Asia. **Page 40** **Header:** 5. Secondary Economic Activities **Content Extraction:** **Page 1:** Title: Distribution of Population Section: Try this. Instruction: Observe the pie-charts shown in Fig 1.1 carefully and answer the following questions. Figure 1.1: Type: Two Pie Charts. Left Chart Title: Percent of total land mass (%) Left Chart Legend: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Australia Left Chart Data (Approximate percentages from image): Africa 20.40, Antarctica 9.20, Asia 29.20, North America 16.50, South America 12.00, Europe 6.80, Australia 5.90. Right Chart Title: Population distribution (%, 2019) Right Chart Legend: Africa, Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Australia Right Chart Data (Approximate percentages from image): Africa 16.96, Asia 59.65, North America 9.69, South America 8.74, Europe 4.75+3.55? (Difficult to read precisely, splitting 8.30 into 4.75 and 3.55?), Australia 0.55. Source: UN data (https://data.un.org) Questions based on Fig 1.1: 1) Which continent has the least population? 2) Which continent has the least landmass and also the least population? 3) Which continent has the most landmass as well as most of the population? 4) Which continent is missing in one of the pie charts? Why? Section: Geographical explanation Text: Human population is unevenly distributed throughout the world. In the year 2019, the world's population stands to be around 7.7 billion. Continent wise population distribution is as follows: North and South America that account for around 28% of the landmass barely support 18% of the population. Asia occupies about 30% of the land mass and supports around 60% of the population. Europe has around 7% land and supports 5% of the population. Australia has around 6% of the world's land but does not even support 1% of the population. Africa occupies 20-40% land and supports 16.96 % population of the world. Antarctica occupies around 9% of the landmass but has no permanent human settlements. This distribution of land and population can be better understood not just in terms of numbers living in a region but also in terms of people living in an unit area. This is called population density. Formula: Population density = Total population / Total area (in sq. km.) Section: Give it a try. Text: Table 1.1 shows the 10 most populated countries in the world in 2018 with their areas. Calculate their population densities and complete the table. (Table 1.1 is not shown in the image crops provided). **Page 2:** Figure 1.2: World : Population Distribution Type: World Map. Main Elements: World map showing continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica) and oceans (Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean). Population distribution is represented by pink dots. Annotations: Each dot represents settlements above 200 persons/Sq. Kms. Scale: Scale bar indicating 5000 Kms. Source: Landscan data set, ORNL-2017. Title: World : Population Distribution Other text: Make friends with maps! **Page 3:** Table 1.3: Physical/Human Factors affecting Population Density Headers: Physical/Human Factors | High Density | Low Density Content: 1) Relief | Flat, Lowland e.g. Ganges plains | Mountainous area e.g. Himalayas 2) Climate | (High Density cell is blank) | Extreme climates such as very ... (text cut off) 3) Availability of Resources | (High Density cell is blank) | (Low Density cell is blank) 4) Economic | Business and financial centre. e.g. Tokyo | Low economic growth. e.g. Louisiana Text: Eskimos and Lapps, who are highly adapted to such climates, can live in these regions. Vast equatorial areas of the Amazon lowland and Congo basin are very sparsely populated due to their unfavourable climate. Section: Find out! Question: Are Eskimos still living in their conventional ways? Section: Use your brain power! Question: Which water bodies are surrounded by ... (text cut off) Text below table: for the production of crops. In these areas it is easier to build roads and develop industries. The mountainous and hilly areas tend to be less populated. If means of livelihood are available, population can be concentrated in few such areas. For example, Dehradun, Leh, etc. Thus, it can be concluded that plateaus or mountainous areas are less populated than plains. Text on the right: Nile valley and coastal plains of India are one of the most densely populated areas of the world. In deserts too, population is found near oases. For examples, Phalodi from Thar desert and Al-Ahsa from Saudi Arabia have developed around oases. **Page 4:** Text: the Irrawaddy, the Yangtze are examples of areas having high densities of population. Similarly, areas having Regur or black soils are also densely populated. The slopes and foothills of many volcanoes have high densities of population as their slopes are covered with fertile volcanic soil. The slopes and foothills of volcanoes in Java, Japan, Sicily and Central America support many people. Figure 1.3: Evacuation Type: Photograph. Content: A group of people carrying belongings, walking away from a smoky background, possibly representing an evacuation. Caption: Fig 1.3 : Evacuation Text: If a dormant volcano erupts someday, these settlements may face disasters. They may face economic losses and loss of life. For example, fig. 1.3 shows people leaving their places after an eruption in Mt. Agung in Bali. Section: Human Factors : Text: 1) Agriculture : Increase in agricultural production due to use of fertilisers and irrigation make it possible to support more population. Type of agriculture, crops grown, method of cultivation and specialisation of particular crops are other characteristics of agriculture that affect the distribution of population. Do map activity related to fig 1.4. 2) Mining : Areas with good quality mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial activities generate employment. Section: Make friends with maps! Instruction: Refer to the map showing rice producing regions of the world in Fig. 1.4. Relate it with the population map of the world in Fig. 1.2. Write the conclusions in your own words. (Fig 1.4 is not shown). Text: World- Major Rice Producing Regions (Seems to be the title or description for Fig 1.4). **Page 5:** Section: Look at the satellite images given in Fig. 1.5. They show the same area from two different periods. Questions: • What difference do you see? • What might have caused these changes? Discuss in class. Figure 1.5: Satellite images showing Ambegaon Budruk, (Pune) Type: Satellite images. Two images shown: A) Year 2005 B) Year 2019 Content: Aerial view of a mixed area showing development, likely urban expansion between the two years. Caption: Fig 1.5 : Satellite images showing Ambegaon Budruk, (Pune) **Page 6:** Section: Geographical explanation Text: 3) Transportation : After studying the satellite images in fig. 1.5, you may find that roads or highways may increase the population here. Such regions are easy to access because of roads thus increasing density. On the contrary, if accessibility is difficult, it takes more time and is costlier to reach there, then the region is sparsely ... (text cut off) ... the government is giving incentives to people to leave Tokyo, as about one third of Japan lives in Tokyo. Section: Let's recall. Question: Which policy did the Brazilian government promote with respect to decentralisation? **Page 7:** Text: United States are examples. 4) Urbanisation : The growth of industries is responsible for the development of towns and cities. Tertiary activities like transportation, trade and other services also increase in order to cater to the needs of the growing urban population. Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and medical facilities, better means of transport and communication. In many areas of the world, a continuous urban belt is found. For example, Greater Mumbai. ... distinguishing attributes of the population are occupation, education and life expectancy. Let us first understand the various aspects of population. Section: Population growth : Section: Try this. Instruction: Look at the fig. 1.6 and answer the questions that follow : (Questions are not shown in this crop). Figure 1.6: Type: Diagram of balances. Main Elements: Two balance scales are shown. Left balance: Left pan labelled "Birth rate", Right pan labelled "Death rate". The Death rate pan is lower, indicating a higher death rate than birth rate. Right balance: Left pan labelled "Birth rate", Right pan labelled "Death rate". The Birth rate pan is lower, indicating a higher birth rate than death rate. Label below the right balance: Population growth. **Page 8:** Section: Geographical explanation Text: The population growth or population change refers to the change in number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time. This change may be positive (growth) or negative (decline). It can be expressed either in terms of absolute numbers or in terms of percentage. Population change in an area is an important indicator of economic development. It can be the age structure of the population. It doesn't take into account that age group in the population that is actually able to give birth. Similarly, actual birth or death rates take into account the population structure of a country. Birth rates and death rates will not be same for all age groups simultaneously. Formulas: CBR = (Total number of live births in a year / Total population in that year) × 1000 CDR = (Total number of deaths in a year / Total population in that year) × 1000 Population change = Present population - Earlier population Population growth = (Population change / Earlier population) × 100 Text: What do these formulas tell you? Table 1.4. Arrange data in for birth rates and death rates ... (Table 1.4 is not shown). Section: Give it a try. Instruction: On the basis of the Birth Rate given earlier and Death Rate calculated by you, what change in population do you observe? and complete the table. One has been done for you as an example. Table 1.5: Headers: Sr. No. | Birth Rate | Death Rate | Effect on Population Growth Content: 1 | High | High | Stable / Low Increase 2 | High | Decreasing | (Blank) 3 | High | Low | (Blank) 4 | Decreasing | Low | (Blank) 5 | Low | Low | (Blank) Section: Always remember Text: The crude birth rate or death rate is considered 'crude'. This is because it ignores ... (text cut off) **Page 9 & 10:** Figure 1.7: Stages of Demographic Transition Type: Line chart / Graph. X-axis: Stages (1 to 5). Labels: 1 High stationary, 2 Early expanding, 3 Late expanding, 4 Low stationary, 5 Declining. Y-axis: Birth and death rates. Scale: 20, 30, 40. Labels: Birth and death rates. Lines: 'Death rate' (Starts high, decreases steadily, then levels off low). 'Birth rate' (Starts high, remains high, then decreases significantly). Shaded area: Labelled 'Natural increase' (Area between birth rate and death rate lines when birth rate is higher). Descriptions of Stages: Stage 1 : High stationary stage (Description text is cut off, likely refers to high birth and death rates). Stage 2 : Early expanding stage (Description text is cut off, likely refers to decreasing death rate and high birth rate). Text: ...as it has the highest growth rate as shown in the fig 1.7. For example, Countries like Congo, Bangladesh, Uganda, Niger, etc. are presently in this stage. Stage 3 : Late expanding stage Text: The reduced death rate in the second stage is still decreasing in this stage too. Birth rates are also decreasing now. This reduces the rate of population growth. But, the population is still growing because birth rates are higher than death rates. As the progress of the country is accelerating, the income of the people of the country is above the subsistence level. Their standard of living is elevated. Poverty is decreasing. Use of technology is seen to expand. Secondary and tertiary activities expand. Education level of the population also increases. People now know the importance of family planning. Family size reduces. Countries that are moving towards developed stage from developing are going through this stage. For example, China. Stage 4 : Low stationary stage Text: The birth rate in the third stage now lowers further. The standard of living is very high. The economic condition of the country and the economic status of the citizens improves a lot. Secondary and tertiary occupations have a higher share than primary. The death rate is also very low as the best medical facilities are available. Epidemics like cholera, plague, etc. have been eliminated. People are health conscious. The birth rate is not less than the death rate but is almost the same. Therefore, population growth is minimal. For example, developed countries like USA are going through this phase. Stage 5 : Declining stage Text: The birth rate is very low and almost equals the death rate. Population growth is minimal or in some countries, could be negative. The population may be reduced because of higher mortality. In such countries the number of children is very low and the elderly are very high. Standard of living is very high. The economic condition of the country and the citizens is very good. Tertiary activities contribute the most to the economy. High quality of educational and medical facilities are available. Healthy environment and pleasant life is preferred. E.g. Sweden, Finland, etc. Section: Use your brain power! Question: In which stage do you think India is passing right now? Section: Can you tell? Question 1: If the crude birth rate is 7 and the crude death rate is 8 then which stage of demographic transition is the country in? Question 2: If a country has crude death rate of 20 and crude birth rate of 24, then which stage of demographic transition is the country in? Section: Always remember Text: Population Composition : Composition of population covers all the characteristics of a population that can be measured. For example, rural and urban residence, age, marital status, sex ratio, etc. are the basis on which population can be classified to understand its characteristics. Population Structure : Structure of a population is the overall picture or the idea we get by studying the composition of the population. For example, age composition of the population tells us about the percentage of children, young and aged in the country. Population structure will give us an idea about the dependency ratio and the effects this composition will have on the economy of the country. We will study about them in the next chapter. **Page 11:** Section: Use your brain power! Instruction: Find out in what multiples has population increased in the following timeline and write down your findings. For example, in the initial phase, the population took 6 centuries (1000 to 1600 A.D.) to double itself. Table: Headers: Years (A.D.) Data: 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 Headers: Population of the world approx. (in millions) Data: 254, 301, 360, 360, 350, 425, 550, 600, 813, 1550, 1750, 1860, 2070, 2300, 2400, 3100, 3700, 4500, 5200, 6300, 7000 Section: Exercise Q. 1: Identify the correct correlation : A: Assertion; R: Reasoning 1) A : Areas which have fertile soil have dense population. R : Fertile soils are good for agriculture. Options: 1) Only R is correct 2) Only A is correct (Corrected based on standard MCQ format) 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A. 2) A : Population of a region does not change. R : Birth rate, death rate and migration affect the population of a region. Options: 1) Only R is correct 2) Only A is correct 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A. 3) A : In stage 2, death rate reduces but birth rate is constant. R : The population increases rapidly in stage 2. Options: 1) Only A is correct 2) Only R is correct 3) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A. 4) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A. Q. 2: Write short notes on : 1) Impact of relief on population distribution. 2) Correlation between birth rates and death rates. Q. 3: Give geographical reasons : 1) India is passing through Stage 3 of demographic transition. 2) Population distribution is uneven. 3) Population increases because of transportation facilities. 4) Secondary and tertiary activities increase in the third stage of demographic transition. 5) Population may increase though birth rates are low. 6) Population density is a function of population and area of a region. Q. 4: Answer in detail : 1) Explain the physical factors affecting distribution of population. 2) In the first and fifth stage of the demographic transition, population growth is almost nil. What is the difference between the two stages then? 3) Discuss the problems faced by countries in stage 4 and stage 5. Q. 5: Draw a neat labelled diagram for demographic transition theory and its various stages. Q. 6: On an outline map of the world, show the following with index : 1) Highly populated region in Australia. 2) Sparsely populated region in India. 3) Any 2 countries in stage 5 of Demographic Transition Theory. 4) Any 2 countries in stage 2 of Demographic Transition Theory.