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World history is traditionally divided into major periods based on significant developments in human civilization. The broadest division separates Prehistory from History, with History further subdivided into Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary periods. Each period represents distinct characteristics in human development, technology, and social organization.
Prehistory represents the longest period of human existence, spanning from the emergence of early humans to the development of writing systems around 3000 BCE. This era is characterized by technological advances in tool-making. The Stone Age saw the development of basic tools and the agricultural revolution. The Bronze Age brought metallurgy and complex societies. The Iron Age introduced stronger tools and weapons, leading to more sophisticated civilizations.
The Ancient Period, spanning from 3000 BCE to 500 CE, witnessed the birth of civilization as we know it. This era saw the development of writing systems, the rise of great civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, and ancient China. Major achievements included monumental architecture, complex legal systems, classical philosophy, and organized religions. These civilizations laid the foundation for human culture, government, and knowledge that continues to influence us today.
The Medieval Period from 500 to 1500 CE was characterized by feudalism in Europe, the rise and expansion of Islam, and the flourishing of Asian empires. The Modern Period from 1500 to 1945 CE brought dramatic changes: the Age of Exploration connected continents, the Scientific Revolution transformed understanding, and the Industrial Revolution mechanized production. This era culminated in two devastating World Wars that reshaped global politics and society.
The Contemporary Era, beginning in 1945, has been marked by unprecedented change and global interconnection. The Cold War shaped international relations for decades, while decolonization created new nations worldwide. Technological advances have revolutionized communication, transportation, and daily life. We now face global challenges like climate change while exploring space and developing artificial intelligence. This period demonstrates humanity's remarkable journey from prehistoric tools to our modern interconnected world.