针对知识点进行讲解---**知识精讲・温故习新**
主谓一致：在英语中，谓语动词要和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这称为主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1. **语法一致原则**
语法一致原则就是指主语和谓语在语法形式上一致。当主语为单数形式时，谓语动词用单数形式；当主语为复数形式时，谓语动词用复数形式。但需注意下列几种情况：
(1)不可数名词、单数名词或代词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
*Much land* **has** been deserted in this area in the past few years. 在过去的几年中，这个地区的许多土地被荒废了。
*Reading English newspapers* **is** a good way of improving your English. 阅读英文报纸是一个提高你的英语水平的好方法。
*What you need most* **is** to have a good sleep. 你最需要的就是好好睡一觉。
▲ *what* 引导主语从句时，主句的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式。但若主句的表语是复数形式或 *what* 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词通常用复数形式。
*What I bought* **were** three English books. 我买的是三本英语书。
(2)*and* 或 *both...and...* 连接并列主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
*Both John and Ann* **have got** pen friends. 约翰和安都有笔友。
▲ 并列主语如果表示同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式(这时 *and* 后的名词前没有冠词)。
*The accountant and secretary* **was** absent from the meeting. 会计兼秘书没有出席会议。(同一人)
*The accountant and the secretary* **are** busy now. 会计和秘书现在都很忙。(两个人)
▲ *and* 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别被 *no*, *each*, *every*, *many a*, *more than one* 修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。
In our country, *every boy and every girl* **has** the right to receive an education. 在我们国家，每个男孩和女孩都有受教育的权利。
*Each man and each woman* **is** asked to help. 每位男士和女士都被请来帮忙。
*Many a student and many a teacher* **is** visiting the factory. 许多学生和老师正在参观那家工厂。
(3)主语后面跟有*(together)with*, *as well as*, *like*, *but*, *except*, *besides*, *including*, *no less than*, *rather than*, *as much as*, *more than*, *along with*, *in addition to* 等连接的词组时，谓语动词不受这些词组的影响，与前面的主语一致。
*An English teacher*, together with some students, **has climbed** to the top of the mountain. 一位英语老师和一些学生已经爬到了山顶。
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Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental rule in English grammar. It requires that the verb must match the subject in both person and number. For example, we say 'The cat runs' with a singular subject and singular verb, but 'The cats run' with a plural subject and plural verb. There are three main principles that govern subject-verb agreement: grammatical agreement, meaning agreement, and proximity agreement.
The grammatical agreement principle states that the verb must match the subject in grammatical form. When the subject is singular, use a singular verb. When the subject is plural, use a plural verb. Uncountable nouns, singular nouns, infinitives, gerunds, and clauses typically take singular verbs. For example, 'Much land has been deserted' uses the singular verb 'has' because 'land' is uncountable. Similarly, 'Reading newspapers is helpful' uses 'is' because the gerund 'reading' acts as a singular subject.
When subjects are joined by 'and' or 'both...and...', they typically take plural verbs. For example, 'Both John and Ann have pen friends' uses the plural verb 'have'. However, there are important exceptions. When the subjects refer to the same person or thing, use a singular verb, as in 'The teacher and writer is here' where one person is both teacher and writer. Also, when subjects are preceded by 'each', 'every', or 'many a', use singular verbs, such as 'Each boy and girl has rights'.
When a subject is followed by modifying phrases introduced by words like 'together with', 'as well as', 'like', 'but', 'except', 'besides', 'including', 'rather than', 'along with', or 'in addition to', the verb must agree with the main subject before these phrases, not with the words in the modifying phrase. For example, in 'An English teacher, together with some students, has climbed to the top of the mountain', the verb 'has' agrees with the singular subject 'teacher', not with the plural 'students' in the modifying phrase.
To summarize the grammatical agreement principle: First, singular subjects including uncountable nouns, gerunds, and clauses take singular verbs. Second, subjects joined by 'and' typically take plural verbs, except when they refer to the same person or thing. Third, when subjects have modifying phrases, the verb agrees only with the main subject, ignoring the modifying elements. The key to mastering subject-verb agreement is always identifying the main subject first, then applying the appropriate rule. Remember these three principles and you'll handle most subject-verb agreement situations correctly.