Java and C++ differ fundamentally in platform independence. Java follows the "Write Once, Run Anywhere" principle. Java source code is compiled into bytecode, which then runs on the Java Virtual Machine. This makes Java platform-independent. In contrast, C++ code is compiled directly into machine code specific to each platform, making it platform-dependent but potentially faster.
Memory management is another key difference. Java uses automatic garbage collection, which automatically frees up memory that is no longer being used. This prevents memory leaks but may cause occasional pauses. C++ requires manual memory management using new and delete operators. This gives developers more control but requires careful attention to avoid memory leaks and dangling pointers.
Java and C++ handle memory references differently. Java uses references which are safer and don't allow direct memory manipulation or pointer arithmetic. You cannot access memory addresses directly in Java. C++ uses explicit pointers that allow direct memory access and pointer arithmetic. This gives more control but increases the risk of memory errors like segmentation faults.
Java and C++ handle inheritance differently. Java supports single class inheritance, meaning a class can only extend one parent class. However, Java allows multiple interface implementation, providing flexibility through contracts. C++ supports multiple inheritance, allowing a class to inherit from multiple parent classes simultaneously. This is more powerful but can lead to complexity issues like the diamond problem.
In summary, Java and C++ each have distinct advantages. Java excels in platform independence, automatic memory management, and safety, making it ideal for enterprise applications and web development. C++ offers superior performance, manual memory control, and system-level programming capabilities, making it perfect for operating systems, games, and embedded systems. The choice between them depends on your specific project requirements, performance needs, and development priorities.