Human thermal comfort in building physics is determined by six key factors. These factors control the heat exchange between the human body and its environment. Understanding these factors is essential for creating comfortable indoor environments in buildings.
The four environmental factors are air temperature, radiant temperature, air velocity, and humidity. Air temperature is the dry bulb temperature of surrounding air. Radiant temperature comes from surfaces like walls and windows. Air velocity affects convective heat transfer. Humidity influences evaporative cooling through perspiration.
Personal factors include metabolic rate and clothing insulation. Metabolic rate is the heat production from bodily activities. Higher activity levels generate more internal heat. Clothing insulation provides thermal resistance, reducing heat loss from the body. These personal factors must be considered alongside environmental factors for optimal thermal comfort.
人体热舒适是建筑物理学中的重要概念，它描述了人体在特定环境条件下感受到的热平衡和满意度状态。热舒适不仅影响人们的健康和工作效率，也是建筑设计中必须考虑的关键因素。
环境因素包括四个主要方面。空气温度是最直观的因素，舒适的室内温度通常在18到26摄氏度之间。相对湿度影响人体的蒸发散热，舒适范围为40%到60%。空气流速促进对流换热，推荐值为每秒0.1到0.2米。平均辐射温度反映周围表面的热辐射强度。
个人因素主要包括衣着和活动水平。衣着热阻用克洛表示，夏装约0.5克洛，冬装为1.0到1.5克洛。代谢率用梅特表示，静坐时为1.0梅特，办公活动约1.2梅特，行走时达到2.0梅特，剧烈运动可超过3.0梅特。这些因素直接影响人体的产热和散热平衡。
人体与环境间存在四种换热机制。传导是通过与表面直接接触进行热交换，如脚部与地面。对流通过空气流动带走或传递热量。辐射是与周围表面进行非接触式热交换。蒸发通过汗液蒸发和呼吸过程散发热量。这四种机制的平衡决定了人体的热舒适状态。
热舒适评价主要使用PMV和PPD指标。PMV是预测平均投票，范围从负3到正3，0表示热中性最舒适。PPD是预测不满意百分比，即使PMV为0，仍有5%的人感到不满意。适应性模型考虑人体对环境的适应能力。此外还需关注局部舒适性，如吹风感、温度不均匀等问题。