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**Title:**
第十六讲 俄罗斯 (Lecture 16 Russia)
**Section 1: Area and Location**
一、面积最大的国家 (One, The Country with the Largest Area)
1. 位置 (1. Location)
(1)唯一地跨 \_\_\_ 亚、\_\_\_ 欧洲 两洲和东、西两个半球(被 160°E 经线穿过)的国家。
(The only country that spans \_\_\_ Asia, \_\_\_ Europe continents and the Eastern and Western hemispheres (crossed by the 160°E meridian).)
(2)从纬度位置看,跨北温带和北寒带,大部分位于 \_\_\_ 温带。
(2) From the perspective of latitude, it spans the North Temperate Zone and the North Frigid Zone, with most of it located in the \_\_\_ Temperate Zone.)
(3)从海陆位置看,东临 A \_\_\_ 洋 、北临 C \_\_\_ 洋 、西临 E \_\_\_ 海 和 F \_\_\_ 海 ,南与 T \_\_\_ 相邻。
(3) From the perspective of sea and land position, it borders A \_\_\_ Ocean to the east, C \_\_\_ Ocean to the north, E \_\_\_ Sea and F \_\_\_ Sea to the west, and is adjacent to T \_\_\_ to the south.)
(4)俄罗斯为欧洲国家,首都位于 \_\_\_ 部分,人口、城市大多集中在欧洲部分。
(4) Russia is a European country, the capital is located in the \_\_\_ part, and most of the population and cities are concentrated in the European part.)
**Map Description:**
Type: World map showing a large portion of Eurasia, focusing on Russia.
Main Elements:
- Landmass: Shows the shape of Russia and surrounding areas.
- Water Bodies: Oceans (labeled A, C), Seas (labeled E, F), a large lake (labeled L), rivers (labeled H, I, J, K, and others).
- Labels: Letters A, C, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W are placed on or near geographical features or regions. Numbers 1 through 10 are placed within circles, likely representing cities or other points of interest.
- Divisions: Vertical lines divide the map into four sections labeled 甲 (Jia), 乙 (Yi), 丙 (Bing), 丁 (Ding).
- Other Lines: A dashed line approximately follows latitude 60°N across Eurasia. Other lines represent transportation routes (likely railways, possibly the Trans-Siberian Railway). Areas are shaded, potentially indicating population density or industrial regions.
- Relative Position and Direction: The map shows the relative positions of continents (implied Europe and Asia) and oceans/seas around Russia.
**Section 2: Topography**
2. 地形地势 (2. Topography)
(1)地势 \_\_\_ 高西低 ,地形以 \_\_\_ 、\_\_\_ 为主,其中平原占总面积的 70%。
((1) The terrain is \_\_\_ high in the east and low in the west, and the landforms are mainly \_\_\_ and \_\_\_, among which plains account for 70% of the total area.)
(2)以山、河为界自西向东分为四大地形区
(2) Divided into four major topographic regions from west to east by mountains and rivers)
Table:
| 地形区 (Topographic Region) | 界线 (Boundary) | 地形区 (Topographic Region) | 界线 (Boundary) | 地形区 (Topographic Region) | 界线 (Boundary) | 地形区 (Topographic Region) |
| :------------------------ | :-------------- | :------------------------ | :-------------- | :------------------------ | :-------------- | :------------------------ |
| M 甲 东欧平原 (M Jia East European Plain) | 乌拉尔山 (Ural Mountains) | N 乙 西西伯利亚平原 (N Yi West Siberian Plain) | J 叶尼塞河 (J Yenisei River) | O 丙 中西伯利亚高原 (O Bing Central Siberian Plateau) | K 勒拿河 (K Lena River) | P 丁 东西伯利亚山地 (P Ding East Siberian Mountains) |
| 欧洲 (Europe) | | 以西 乌拉尔山 以东 (To the west Ural Mountains to the east) | | 亚洲(西伯利亚地区) (Asia (Siberia Region)) | | |
**Topographic Cross-section Chart Description:**
Type: Topographic cross-section profile.
Main Elements:
- Horizontal Axis: Represents distance from west to east, divided into four sections labeled 甲 (Jia), 乙 (Yi), 丙 (Bing), 丁 (Ding), corresponding to the regions in the table.
- Vertical Axis: Represents elevation in meters. Scale is marked at 0, 200, 500, 1000 (米).
- Profile Line: Shows the varying elevation across the four regions, starting relatively low, rising to a peak (乌拉尔山), dropping to a plain, rising to a plateau, dropping to another plain, and rising again (楚科奇半岛).
- Labels: Peaks/Regions are labeled: 乌拉尔山 (Ural Mountains), 叶尼塞河 (Yenisei River), 勒拿河 (Lena River), 楚科奇半岛 (Chukchi Peninsula). These labels are placed at points or across regions on the profile.
**Section 3: Rivers and Lakes**
3. 河流与湖泊 (3. Rivers and Lakes)
(1)欧洲最长河流: H \_\_\_ ,注入(世界最大湖泊) G \_\_\_ ,该河是世界最长内流河。
((1) The longest river in Europe: H \_\_\_, empties into (the world's largest lake) G \_\_\_, this river is the world's longest inland river.)
(2)世界最深的湖:L \_\_\_ 湖 ,也是世界 \_\_\_ 储量最多的湖泊。
((2) The world's deepest lake: L \_\_\_ Lake, also the lake with the most \_\_\_ storage in the world.)
(3)\_\_\_ 流入北冰洋的三大河:I \_\_\_ 、J \_\_\_ 、K \_\_\_ 。(简称“毕业了”)。据三河的流向,可判断俄罗斯亚洲部分的地势为 \_\_\_ 。
((3) \_\_\_ Three major rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean: I \_\_\_, J \_\_\_, K \_\_\_. (A mnemonic is "Bi Ye Liao", meaning "graduated"). Based on the flow direction of the three rivers, it can be judged that the topography of the Asian part of Russia is \_\_\_.)
**Page Number:**
16
4. 气候
(1)以\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_气候为主, 冬季\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_而漫长, 夏季\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 降水较少; 北冰洋沿岸是\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_气候; 太平洋沿岸是\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_气候。
(2)各地区气候有很大差异: M\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_气候比较温和, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_地区冬季非常寒冷。
5. 自然资源
(1)淡水资源: 河川径流总量居世界第二位。
(2)森林资源: 西伯利亚分布着世界上面积最大的针叶林区。
(3)矿产资源: 石油、煤、铁、天然气和有色金属等资源丰富。(⑨ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 油田、⑩\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_煤田、⑦\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_铁矿、⑧\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_的有色金属。注: 会读图, 不用识记)
二、发展中的经济
1.工业 (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_为主, 轻工业薄弱; 工业集中在\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_部分)
(1)工业区主要分布在\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_附近。
(2)四大工业区: ①圣彼得堡工业区、②\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_工业区、③乌拉尔工业区和④新西伯利亚工业区。
2. 农业
(1)主要农业区是 H\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_流域和 Q\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_流域, 均位于 M\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_南部。
(2)主要农产品是谷物、马铃薯、亚麻和甜菜等。
3. 交通
交通运输以\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_和\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_为主。铁路以\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_为中心呈放射状分布, ⑧\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_铁路被称为"亚欧大陆桥"。
三、人口及城市
1.人口: 主要为\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_人种, 官方语言是\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 大部分分布在欧洲部分, 是多民族国家, 居民多信奉东正教。
2. 主要城市
(1)首都 ②\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, 是最大城市, 也是全国的政治、经济、文化、交通中心。
(2)①\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_濒临 E\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_海。
(3)⑤\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_在 C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_沿岸, 受来自大西洋的暖湿气流影响, 终年不冻。
(4)⑥\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(符拉迪沃斯托克)是 A\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_沿岸最大港口。