teach me based on this mind map, easy to understand and let me be a sales person level who can undertand and speech out easily and clearly---**Overall Chart Description:** The image is a mind map centered around the topic "Lithium". It branches out into three main sections: Upstream (上游), Midstream (中游), and Downstream (下游), representing the lithium industry chain. Each section contains sub-branches and nodes connected by lines (solid and dashed), detailing sources, materials, processes, applications, and comparisons related to lithium and lithium-ion batteries. **Extraction Content:** **Lithium Basics:** * Lithium (Li) 锂 (Li) * 一种金属元素，原子序数 3，原子量 6.94 g/mol。A metallic element, atomic number 3, atomic weight 6.94 g/mol. * 密度是 0.534 g/cm³，是已知密度最小的固体元素。Density is 0.534 g/cm³, is the solid element with the lowest known density. * 非常活泼，极易与氧气和水反应。Very active, easily reacts with oxygen and water. * 不能直接暴露在空气或水中。Cannot be directly exposed to air or water. 需要储存在惰性气体或油中。Needs to be stored in inert gas or oil. * 常用于电池、陶瓷、玻璃、润滑剂、医药等领域。Commonly used in batteries, ceramics, glass, lubricants, medicine, etc. **上游 (Upstream) - Lithium Sources:** * **锂辉石 Spodumene:** * 品位 Grade: 1.0%-2.5% Li₂O * 品位含约 8.03% Li₂O (相当于 3.73% 纯锂 Li)。Grade contains about 8.03% Li₂O (equivalent to 3.73% pure Li). * 化学式 Chemical Formula: LiAlSi₂O₆ * 是一种含锂的单斜晶系硅酸盐矿物，化学式为 LiAlSi₂O₆，是自然界中最主要的锂矿石之一。Spodumene comes up with Lithium-containing monoclinic silicate mineral with chemical formula LiAlSi₂O₆, which is one of the major lithium ores. * 特征 Characteristics: 呈灰白色、绿色或紫色 (取决于杂质)，玻璃光泽，解理好。White gray, green, or purple (based on impurities), glass luster, good cleavage. 硬度 Hardness: 约 6.5-7，常用于宝石切割抛光。Approximately 6.5-7, often used for gemstone cutting and polishing. 密度 Density: 约 3.15 g/cm³. Approximately 3.15 g/cm³. 常见于花岗伟晶岩中。Common in granite pegmatites. * 分布 Distributions: * 澳大利亚 Australia: Greenbushes 矿 (西澳大利亚)：世界上最大的高品位锂辉石矿，品位高达 2.0%-2.5% Li₂O，储量约 1.65 亿吨，含约 330 万吨 Li₂O。The Greenbushes Mine (Western Australia) is the world's largest high-grade spodumene mine, with a grade of 2.0%-2.5% Li₂O and reserves of approximately 165 million tons, containing about 3.3 million tons of Li₂O. 其他如 Pilgangoora, Wodgina, Mt Marion 等，品位在 1.0%-1.5% Li₂O. Others include Pilgangoora, Wodgina, Mt Marion, etc., with a grade of 1.0%-1.5% Li₂O. * 中国 China: 四川甘孜州甲基卡：亚洲最大的锂辉石矿，品位约 1.2%-1.5% Li₂O，储量约 50 万吨 Li₂O。Jiajiaka in Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan: Asia's largest spodumene mine, with a grade of about 1.2%-1.5% Li₂O and reserves of about 500,000 tons of Li₂O. 新疆：也可采出高品位的锂辉石矿。新疆紫金矿。Xinjiang: High-grade spodumene can also be mined. Xinjiang Zijin Mine. * 提炼 Process: 酸法浸取 (硫酸 Acid Leaching) (+H₂SO₄ 硫酸) -> Li₂SO₄(Lithium Sulfate). β-LiAlSi₂O₆: 95-1100℃ (Calcination). * **盐湖 (盐水湖) Brine (Salt lake):** * 浓度 Concentration: 20-5000 ppm Li (0.01%-0.2% Li₂O). ppm Li (parts per million) - parts per million 百万分之1. 1 ppm = 1 毫克/升 (mg/L)，也就是 1 升溶液中含有 1 毫克的某种物质。1 ppm = 1 milligram/liter (mg/L), which means 1 liter of solution contains 1 milligram of a substance. 通常指溶液中物质的浓度范围。Generally refers to the concentration range of substances in solution. 通常是 20 ppm 到 5000 ppm 左右 (视盐湖而定)。Usually ranges from 20 ppm to around 5000 ppm (depending on the salt lake). 20ppm: 1 升盐水中含有 20 毫克锂 (0.02 克)。20 ppm: 1 liter of brine contains 20 milligrams of lithium (0.02 grams). 5000 ppm: 1 升盐水中含有 5000 毫克锂 (5 克)。5000 ppm: 1 liter of brine contains 5000 milligrams of lithium (5 grams). * 浓度 (ppm): 是评估盐湖价值的重要指标。浓度越高，单位体积卤水能提取的锂越多，开发价值越大。Concentration (ppm): Is an important indicator for evaluating the value of a salt lake. Higher concentration means more lithium can be extracted per unit volume of brine, increasing development value. * 高浓度卤水适合传统蒸发法 (太阳城法)，成本低。High concentration brine is suitable for traditional evaporation methods (solar pond method), low cost. * 低浓度卤水需要更高级提锂技术 (如吸附法、膜分离法)，以便高效率。Low concentration brine requires more advanced lithium extraction technologies (such as adsorption method, membrane separation) for high efficiency. * 经济性 Economics: 低浓度的盐水需要处理更多水量，能耗和时间和成本高。高浓度的盐水则更经济。Low concentration brine requires processing more water, leading to high energy consumption, time, and cost. High concentration brine is more economical. * 例子 Example: 有 1000 升盐水，锂浓度 2000 ppm，含多少毫克的锂? 1000 L * 2000 mg/L = 2,000,000 mg = 2 kg. Example: There are 1000 liters of brine, lithium concentration 2000 ppm, how many milligrams of lithium are there? 1000 L * 2000 mg/L = 2,000,000 mg = 2 kg. * 来源 Sources: 南美 "锂三角" Southern America "Lithium Triangle" (智利 Atacama 盐湖、阿根廷 Hombre Muerto 盐湖、玻利维亚 Uyuni 盐湖 - Chile Atacama, Argentina Hombre Muerto, Bolivia Uyuni), 青海、西藏盐湖 (察尔汗盐湖 - Qinghai, Tibet - Qarhan Salt Lake). * 特点 Characteristics: 盐湖卤水锂浓度较低 (几十到几千 ppm, 视盐湖而定)，但储量巨大，提取成本相对较低，尤其是在高盐湖地区。Salt lake brine lithium concentration is low (tens to thousands of ppm, depending on the lake), but reserves are huge, and extraction costs are relatively low, especially in high-altitude salt lake regions. * 提取 Extraction: (通常锂含量小于其他盐，需要与其他盐分离) (Lithium content is usually lower than other salts, needs separation from other salts). 提炼 Process: 从盐湖提锂占据全球锂产量 50%-60%。Brine lithium extraction accounts for 50%-60% of global lithium production. * 太阳城干水法 (蒸发) Solar evaporation (Evaporation): 然后通过化学方法把锂提纯出来。Then purify lithium using chemical methods. 可能需要 6-18 个月，受气候条件影响。May take 6-18 months, affected by climatic conditions. * 吸附法 Adsorption: 用吸附剂吸附锂离子，然后洗脱，提纯。Using adsorbent to adsorb lithium ions, then elute and purify. * 萃取法 Extraction: 用有机溶剂从盐水中萃取锂离子。Using organic solvent to extract lithium ions from brine. * 步骤 Steps: * 蒸发或吸附 Evaporation or Adsorption: 蒸发浓缩卤水或吸附锂离子，获得高浓度锂溶液。Evaporate and concentrate brine or adsorb lithium ions to obtain high-concentration lithium solution. * 除杂 Impurity Removal: 例如，加石灰 (Ca(OH)₂) 或苏打 (Na₂CO₃)，使镁、钙等杂质沉淀。For example, add lime (Ca(OH)₂) or soda ash (Na₂CO₃) to precipitate impurities like magnesium and calcium. * 沉淀 Precipitation: 加碳酸钠 (Na₂CO₃)，使锂离子沉淀为碳酸锂 (Li₂CO₃)。Add sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) to precipitate lithium ions as lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃). Reaction: Li₂SO₄ + Na₂CO₃ -> Li₂CO₃↓ + Na₂SO₄. * 碳酸锂沉淀 Precipitation: 碳酸锂沉淀经过过滤、洗涤、干燥后得到电池级碳酸锂 (纯度 ≥99.5%)。Lithium carbonate precipitate is filtered, washed, and dried to obtain battery-grade lithium carbonate (purity ≥99.5%). * 转化为氢氧化锂 Conversion to Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH): 碳酸锂可以与氢氧化钙反应生成氢氧化锂。Lithium carbonate can react with calcium hydroxide to produce lithium hydroxide. Reaction: Li₂CO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ -> 2LiOH + CaCO₃↓. 氢氧化锂 (LiOH)：可供提纯或进一步与氢氧化锂反应。Lithium hydroxide (LiOH): Can be purified or further reacted. * **锂黏土 Lithium Clay:** * 品位 Grade: 0.3%-1.0% Li₂O * 含锂的黏土矿物，通常以锂蒙脱石 (Hectorite) 或锂坡石 (Lepidolite) 等形式存在。Clay mineral containing lithium, usually exists as Hectorite or Lepidolite. * 特点 Characteristics: 锂黏土矿品位通常较低 (0.3%-1.0% Li₂O)，但可大规模开采，开发潜力较大。Lithium clay mineral grade is usually low (0.3%-1.0% Li₂O), but can be mined on a large scale, with great development potential. 多形成于火山活动或沉积作用，常与火山灰、湖泊沉积物有关。Often form from volcanic activity or sedimentation, related to volcanic ash and lake sediments. * 市场 Market: 锂黏土矿品的提取和提炼技术难度大，经济成本高，目前尚未大规模应用。Extraction and refining technology for lithium clay minerals is difficult and expensive, not yet widely applied on a large scale. * 分布 Distribution: 主要分布在美国内华达州 Thacker Pass 地区，品位约 0.7% Li₂O. Primarily distributed in the Thacker Pass area of Nevada, USA, with a grade of about 0.7% Li₂O. 美国索诺拉 Sonoma 锂黏土矿，锂品位在 0.4% 至 0.8% Li₂O 之间。Sonoma lithium clay mine in the USA, lithium grade is between 0.4% and 0.8% Li₂O. 中国的锂黏土矿品位可能在 0.3% 左右。Lithium clay mines in China may have a grade of around 0.3%. * **锂云母 Lithium Mica:** (Text repeated from Clay description - might be an error in the original map) * 一种含锂的黏土矿物 (Hectorite or Lepidolite). A clay mineral containing lithium. * 分布 Distribution: (Empty node). * **锂含量 Li% to ppm conversion:** * 1% Li₂O = 0.465% Li (纯锂). 1% Li₂O = 0.465% Li (pure lithium). * 1% Li₂O = 10,000 ppm Li₂O. * 品位是 0.7% Li₂O, 换算成纯锂的 ppm 是多少? If the grade is 0.7% Li₂O, what is the ppm of pure lithium? 0.7% Li₂O * 0.465 = 0.3255% Li (纯锂含量)。0.3255% = 3255 ppm Li. **中游 (Midstream) - Lithium Processing & Materials:** * **高纯度氢氧化锂 (电池级) High Purity Lithium Hydroxide (Battery Grade):** * 用于生产高能量密度电池正极材料 (NCM、NCA)。Used to produce high energy density battery cathode materials (NCM, NCA). * **氢氧化锂 (LiOH):** * 一种白色的粉末，溶于水，是电池的重要原材料。A white powder, soluble in water, an important raw material for batteries. * 溶解度 Solubility: 比碳酸锂高很多，易溶于水。Much higher than lithium carbonate, easily soluble in water. * 生产工艺 Production process: 比较复杂，需要高温高压反应，提纯难度大。Relatively complex, requires high temperature and pressure reactions, difficult to purify. 700-900℃. 因为它的结构只排出水蒸气，不会有杂质。比碳酸锂更适合做高能量正极。Because its structure only releases water vapor, no impurities. More suitable than lithium carbonate for high energy cathodes. * 外观 Appearance: 一种白色的粉末。A white powder. * 作用 Use: * 电池正极的组分 (正极)，特别是电动车用的高能量电池。A component of battery cathodes, especially for high energy density batteries used in electric vehicles. * 用于生产高能量密度电池正极材料 (NCM、NCA)。Used to produce high energy density battery cathode materials (NCM, NCA). * 为什么重要 Why important: * 生产电动车常用电池 (如 600 公里以上)。Used to produce batteries commonly used in electric vehicles (e.g., over 600 km range). * 高能量密度电池需要氢氧化锂。High energy density batteries require lithium hydroxide. * 传统电池 (磷酸铁锂) 用碳酸锂即可。Traditional batteries (LFP) can use lithium carbonate. * 氢氧化锂生产的电池比碳酸锂生产的电池能量密度更高。Batteries produced with lithium hydroxide have higher energy density than those produced with lithium carbonate. * 存在的问题 Problems: * 生产成本较高。High production cost. * 提纯难度大。Difficult to purify. * 吸湿性强 (易吸湿)，对储存条件要求高。Highly hygroscopic, requiring strict storage conditions. * 纯度要求高。High purity requirement. * 副产物难以处理。Byproducts are difficult to handle. * 竞争力 Competition: 竞争对手是碳酸锂。The competitor is lithium carbonate. * 如何出来 How it is made: * 从锂辉石 (石头) 或盐水 (盐湖水) 或锂黏土 (含锂的土) 提炼出来 (变成硫酸锂或氯化锂)。Extracted from spodumene (rock), brine (salt lake water), or lithium clay (lithium-containing soil) (converted to lithium sulfate or lithium chloride). * Li₂CO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ -> 2LiOH + CaCO₃↓ (Reaction of lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide). * **碳酸锂 (Li₂CO₃):** * 一种白色的粉末，像盐，能溶在水，是电池的重要原材料。A white powder, like salt, soluble in water, an important raw material for batteries. * 溶解度 Solubility: 在低温下溶解度高，高温下降低。High solubility at low temperature, decreases at high temperature. * 生产工艺 Production process: 比较简单，成本低。Relatively simple, low cost. * 外观 Appearance: 一种白色的粉末。A white powder. * 作用 Use: * 用于磷酸铁锂 (LFP) 电池的制备。Used for preparing lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Reaction: Li₂CO₃ + FePO₄ -> LiFePO₄ + CO₂↑ (Synthesis of LFP). * 是一种安全的正极材料，用在电动车 (理论上)。Is a safe cathode material, used in electric vehicles (theoretically). * 碳酸锂和铁、磷混合，烤一下 (600-800℃)，就做成了 LFP. Mix lithium carbonate with iron and phosphorus, bake (600-800℃), and make LFP. * 用于制造其他锂化合物，如氢氧化锂。Used for manufacturing other lithium compounds, such as lithium hydroxide. * 如何出来 How it is made: * 从锂辉石或盐水提炼出来，先做成硫酸锂 (Li₂SO₄)。Extracted from spodumene or brine, first converted to lithium sulfate. 硫酸锂和碳酸钠 (Na₂CO₃) 反应。Lithium sulfate reacts with sodium carbonate. Reaction: Li₂SO₄ + Na₂CO₃ -> Li₂CO₃↓ + Na₂SO₄. 得到碳酸锂沉淀，然后过滤、洗涤、干燥。Obtain lithium carbonate precipitate, then filter, wash, and dry. * 优点 Advantages: 成本低，安全，生产简单。Low cost, safe, simple production. * 缺点 Disadvantages: 能量密度低。Low energy density. * **氯化锂 (LiCl) Lithium Chloride 氯化锂:** * 如何出来 How it is made: * Li₂CO₃ + 2HCl -> 2LiCl + CO₂ + H₂O (Reaction of lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid). * 硫酸锂 Li₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ -> 2LiCl + BaSO₄↓ (Reaction of lithium sulfate with barium chloride). * 电解 molten LiCl (600℃ 以上), 用于生产金属锂。Electrolyze molten LiCl (above 600℃) to produce metallic lithium. Reaction: 2LiCl --电解 Electrolysis--> 2Li + Cl₂↑ (Electrolysis reaction). 阳极放出氯气 (Cl₂), 阴极析出金属锂 (Li)。Anode releases chlorine gas (Cl₂), cathode precipitates metallic lithium (Li). * **金属锂 Metallic Lithium (Li):** * 外观 Appearance: 一种银白色的金属，很轻 (比水还轻)，很活泼 (容易和空气反应)。A silvery-white metal, very light (lighter than water), very reactive (easily reacts with air). * 作用 Use: * 用于在电池中做“负极” (负极和正极一起工作，产生电)。Used as "anode" in batteries (anode and cathode work together to generate electricity). * 特别是未来的高性能电池 (锂固态电池)。Especially for future high-performance batteries (lithium solid-state batteries). * Rolled to 0.1-1mm, used for Anode for high-energy batteries (高能量电池). * Lithium-Copper Composite Foil (锂铜复合箔). * Ultra-Thin Lithium Foil (超薄锂箔) - Li foil micro-rolled to 10-100 µm (微轧制). * 优点 Advantages: 能量密度超高 (理论容量 3860 mAh/g)。Ultra-high energy density (theoretical capacity 3860 mAh/g). 是石墨的 10 倍！Is 10 times that of graphite! 用于金属锂电池，电池能量密度更高，电动车可跑更远 (可能超过 800 公里)。Used in metallic lithium batteries, higher energy density, electric vehicles can travel further (possibly over 800 km). * 缺点 Disadvantages: * 不安全。Unsafe. 金属锂太活泼，极易和空气和水反应，容易着火爆炸 (“锂三角”的事件)。Metallic lithium is too reactive, easily reacts with air and water, prone to fire and explosion ("Lithium Triangle" incidents). * 生产工艺复杂，成本高。Complex production process, high cost. * 寿命短。Short lifespan. * 循环 Cycle: 充电放电时，金属锂会不断消耗，电池循环寿命短 (几十次循环)。During charging and discharging, metallic lithium is continuously consumed, battery cycle life is short (tens of cycles). * 环保 Environment: 废旧电池难以回收处理 (金属锂活泼)。Difficult to recycle waste batteries (metallic lithium is reactive). * 新型电池 (新型用途电池材料)：用于制造锂固态电池。New battery type (new use battery material): Used to manufacture lithium solid-state batteries. * **Battery Materials 电池材料:** * 正极材料 Cathode Active Materials (CAM). During discharge, the cathode is the positive terminal, it accepts electrons from the external circuit and absorbs lithium ions (reduction reaction). Li₂CO₃ 和 LiOH - Cathodes 正极. * LiFePO₄ (LFP) 磷酸铁锂. Use: 用于磷酸铁锂 (LFP) 电池。Used for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. * NCM 镍钴锰 (Ni) 钴 (Co) 锰 (Mn). Use: 用于三元电池。Used for ternary batteries. * 镍 (Ni): 能量担当，镍含量越高可以显著增加材料的克容量 (单位重量存储离子的能力)。Nickel: Energy carrier, higher nickel content can significantly increase the gravimetric capacity of the material (ability to store ions per unit weight). * 钴 (Co): 稳定担当。钴元素能够抑制锂镍混排 (锂离子和镍离子占领对方的位置)，稳定材料的层状结构，确保锂离子在充放电过程中能够顺畅地嵌入和脱出。这是提高电池的循环寿命和稳定性的关键。钴也是一种稀有贵金属，价格昂贵且开采分布不均，是提高电池成本的主要原因。Cobalt: Stability carrier. Cobalt elements can inhibit lithium-nickel disorder (lithium ions and nickel ions occupying each other's positions), stabilize the layered structure of the material, and ensure smooth intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions during charging and discharging. This is key to improving battery cycle life and stability. Cobalt is also a rare precious metal, expensive and unevenly distributed, which is the main reason for increasing battery cost. * 锰 (Mn): 成本担当。通常用来降低成本并提高材料的安全性和结构稳定性。 Manganese: Cost carrier. Usually used to reduce costs and improve the safety and structural stability of the material. * NCA 镍钴铝 (Ni) 钴 (Co) 铝 (Al). Use: 用于高能量密度三元电池。Used for high energy density ternary batteries. * 铝 (Al): 在NCA中，铝离子的作用与钴类似，主要用于提升结构的稳定性和安全性。Aluminum: In NCA, the role of aluminum ions is similar to cobalt, mainly used to improve structural stability and safety. * 负极材料 Anode Active Materials (AAM). During charging, the anode is the negative terminal, it releases electrons to the external circuit and releases lithium ions (oxidation reaction). 石墨 Graphite, 硅 Silicon. * 石墨 Graphite: 成本低，技术成熟。Low cost, mature technology. * 硅基材料 Silicon-based materials: 能量密度更高，但体积膨胀大。Higher energy density, but large volume expansion. * 前驱体 Precursor: precursor cathode materials (PCAM). * 电解液 Electrolyte: Allows lithium ions to move between anode and cathode. 锂盐 + 有机溶剂 + 添加剂。Lithium salt + organic solvent + additives. * 隔膜 Separator: Prevents direct contact between anode and cathode. * 锂电铜箔 Lithium battery copper foil. 压延铜箔 Rolled copper foil. 厚度 6-18 µm. Thickness 6-18 µm. 电解铜箔 Electrolytic copper foil. 厚度 6-12 µm. Thickness 6-12 µm. * 铝箔 Aluminum foil: 用于正极集流体。Used for cathode current collector. * **电池 Cathode Manufacturing Process:** * 前驱体合成 (Precursor Synthesis): 这是关键步骤，通过共沉淀法，将镍、钴、锰的盐溶液在反应釜中精确控制 pH 值、温度和搅拌速度，生成球形的氢氧化物前驱体 (PCAM)。This is a key step. Through co-precipitation, nickel, cobalt, and manganese salt solutions are precisely controlled in terms of pH, temperature, and stirring speed in a reactor to form spherical hydroxide precursors (PCAM). * 混料 (Mixing): 将前驱体与锂源 (如碳酸锂或氢氧化锂) 按比例混合。Mix the precursor with a lithium source (such as lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide) in proportion. * 烧结 (Sintering/Calcination): 将混合好的物料放入高温窑炉 (通常是辊道窑) 中进行长时间 (10-24 小时) 的高温烧结。这是形成最终晶体结构和化学性能的核心环节。Sinter the mixture in a high-temperature kiln (usually a roller kiln) for a long time (10-24 hours). This is the core step for forming the final crystal structure and chemical properties. * 粉碎与分级 (Milling & Classification): 对烧结后的粉碎材料进行粉碎，并通过气流分级机筛选出符合特定粒径分布的产品。Grind the sintered material and screen it through an air classifier to obtain products with a specific particle size distribution. * 除铁与包装 (Iron Removal & Packaging): 去除生产过程中可能混入的磁性杂质，然后真空包装。Remove magnetic impurities that may have been mixed in during the production process, then vacuum package. * **电解液 Electrolyte Manufacturing Process:** * 高纯度锂盐 (LiPF₆ 等) High purity lithium salt (LiPF₆ etc.). * 高纯度有机溶剂 High purity organic solvent. * 高纯度添加剂 High purity additives. * 在无水无氧环境下混合 Mixing in an anhydrous and oxygen-free environment. * 过滤 Filtration. * 包装 Packaging. * **负极厂 (以人造石墨为例) Anode Material Plant (taking artificial graphite as example):** (Description seems to describe CAM plant, likely an error in the original map) Highly specialized chemical factory that produce active powder used in positive electrode at the cathode of lithium-ion battery. * Raw Material Handling & Crushing (原材料处理与破碎): Raw materials are crushed and screened into suitable sizes. * Graphitization (石墨化): The crushed material is heated to extremely high temperatures (above 3000°C) in an inert atmosphere, causing the carbon atoms to rearrange into an orderly crystalline structure (graphite). * Milling & Classification (粉碎与分级): The graphitized material is ground and classified into specific particle sizes and distributions. * Surface Modification (表面改性): The surface of the material is treated to improve its electrochemical performance and stability. This step may vary depending on the specific anode material. * **隔膜 Separator Manufacturing Process:** * PP/PE 材料 PP/PE material. * 湿法或干法工艺 Wet or dry process. * 拉伸 Stretched. * 涂覆 Coated. * **国内 CAM 企业 Domestic CAM Companies:** 容百科技、当升科技、长远锂科。Rongbai Technology, Dynasty New Materials, Changyuan Lico. * **国际 CAM 企业 International CAM Companies:** 优美科 (Umicore, 比利时)、巴斯夫 (BASF, 德国)、LG化学 (LG Chem, 韩国)、住友金属矿山 (SMM, 日本). Umicore (Belgium), BASF (Germany), LG Chem (Korea), Sumitomo Metal Mining (SMM, Japan). * **国内负极企业 Domestic Anode Companies:** 贝特瑞 (BTR-负极石墨)。Bettery (BTR-anode graphite). * **国内隔膜企业 Domestic Separator Companies:** 恩捷股份 (主营隔膜). Enjie Share (main business: separator). * **欧洲 CAM 生产企业 European CAM Producers:** Northvolt (斯道拉恩索) production capacity of over 10 GWh. (Company name, capacity information). BASF (巴斯夫). Umicore (优美科). **下游 (Downstream) - Applications:** * Application: LFP battery cathodes (电池阴极), glass, medicine. * 电池 Battery: Lithium-ion battery 锂离子电池. Energy Storage Battery 储能电池. * 电池是未来新能源汽车的核心技术之一。Batteries are one of the core technologies for future new energy vehicles. * 类型 Types: 圆柱形 Cylindrical Cell, 软包 Pouch, 形状形 Prismatic. * 尺寸 Sizes: 18650, 21700, 4680 (Cylindrical cell sizes). * 材料体系 Material Systems: LFP (磷酸铁锂), Ternary NCM (镍钴锰), NCA (镍钴铝). * 区分 Differentiations: NCM 用镍、钴、锰；LFP 用铁和磷。NCM uses nickel, cobalt, manganese; LFP uses iron and phosphorus. “磷酸铁锂” LFP. “镍钴锰” NCM. * 优点 Pros: Long cycle life, high safety, energy density, power performance, low price. 长寿命、高安全性、高能量密度、高功率性能、低价格。 * 缺点 Cons: Cost, safety, performance degradation, recycling difficulty. 成本、安全、性能衰减、回收难度。 * **LFP (磷酸铁锂电池) Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery:** * Pros: High safety, long cycle life, lower cost. 高安全性、长寿命、低成本。 * Cons: Relatively low energy density, poor performance at low temperatures. 能量密度较低、低温性能差。 * 优点 Advantages: 高安全性 (结构稳定，不易热失控)、长寿命 (可充放电次数多)、成本较低。High safety (stable structure, not prone to thermal runaway), long life (many charge/discharge cycles), lower cost. * 缺点 Disadvantages: 能量密度相对较低 (电动车续航里程)、低温性能差。Relatively low energy density (electric vehicle range), poor low-temperature performance. * 应用 Application: 电动大巴、储能系统。Electric buses, energy storage systems. * **NCM (镍钴锰酸锂电池) Ternary NCM Battery:** * Pros: High energy density, longer driving range. 高能量密度、续航里程长。 * Cons: Higher cost, lower safety. 成本较高、安全性较低。 * 优点 Advantages: 能量密度高 (电动车续航里程)。High energy density (electric vehicle range). * 缺点 Disadvantages: 安全性相对较低 (热稳定性差，易着火)。Relatively low safety (poor thermal stability, easy to catch fire). 成本较高 (含钴)。Higher cost (contains cobalt). * 应用 Application: 高端电动车、消费电子。High-end electric vehicles, consumer electronics. * **NCA (镍钴铝酸锂电池) NCA Battery:** * Pros: Very high energy density, used in high-end EVs (e.g., Tesla). 能量密度非常高，用于高端电动车 (如特斯拉)。Very high energy density, used in high-end electric vehicles (e.g., Tesla). * Cons: Lower safety. 安全性较低。 * **Battery Comparison Table (NCM vs LFP):** * | 方面 Factor | 镍钴锰 (NCM) Ternary NCM | 磷酸铁锂 (LFP) LFP | * | ------------- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | * | 原料 Raw Material | 镍、钴、锰 (贵) Ni, Co, Mn (Expensive) | 铁、磷 (便宜) Fe, P (Cheap) | * | 能量密度 Energy Density | 多 (200-220 Wh/kg) High (200-220 Wh/kg) | 少 (140-160 Wh/kg) Low (140-160 Wh/kg) | * | 安全性 Safety | 一般，易热失控 General, prone to thermal runaway | 超安全，不易着火 Ultra-safe, not prone to fire | * | 寿命 Cycle Life | 1000-2000 次 1000-2000 cycles | 3000-8000 次 3000-8000 cycles | * | 低温性能 Low Temp. Perf. | 好用 Good | 不好用 Not good | * | 成本 Cost | 高 (20,000-30,000 美元/吨) High (20,000-30,000 USD/ton) | 低 (10,000-15,000 美元/吨) Low (10,000-15,000 USD/ton) | * | 用途 Application | 长续航电动车 (特斯拉) Long-range EVs (Tesla) | 安全电动车、储能 (比亚迪) Safe EVs, Energy Storage (BYD) | * | 简单概括 Simplified Summary | NCM: 能量密度高，跑得远但贵、不太安全; LFP: 能量密度低，安全耐用但跑不远、冷天不行。NCM: High energy density, runs far but expensive and less safe; LFP: Low energy density, safe and durable but doesn't run far and performs poorly in cold weather. | * **Battery Lifespan:** * NCM: 能充放电 1000-2000 次，寿命中等。NCM: Can charge/discharge 1000-2000 times, medium lifespan. 锂电池寿命一般是几年就歇了。Lithium battery lifespan is usually a few years. 手机电池，用几年就歇了。Mobile phone battery, lasts a few years. * LFP: 能充放电 3000-8000 次，寿命长。LFP: Can charge/discharge 3000-8000 times, long lifespan. 储能电池、用于不需要跑远。Energy storage battery, used where long distance is not needed. * **Battery Low Temperature Performance:** * NCM: 冷天 (零下 20℃) 还能用，容量掉得少。NCM: Can still be used in cold weather (-20℃), capacity drop is small. * LFP: 冷的时候不好用，容量掉得多，电动车可能跑不远。LFP: Not good in cold weather, capacity drops a lot, electric vehicle may not run far. * **锂回收 Lithium Recycling:** * 可以用金属锂回收，能量密度高 (可达 400-500 Wh/kg)。Can recycle metallic lithium, high energy density (up to 400-500 Wh/kg). * 废旧电池回收处理是环保挑战。Recycling waste batteries is an environmental challenge. 电池回收率不高，需要改进技术和经济性。Battery recycling rate is not high, needs improved technology and economics. * **固态电池 Solid State Battery:** * Future Direction: 固态电池空间大，电池可以做得更小更轻。Solid-state batteries have large potential, allowing batteries to be smaller and lighter. * 比较 Comparison: 固态电池能量密度比传统液态锂电池更高，比 NCM 电池 (250 Wh/kg) 还厉害。Solid-state battery energy density is higher than traditional liquid electrolyte lithium batteries, even better than NCM batteries (250 Wh/kg). * 总结 Conclusion: 固态电池能量密度高、安全性高、循环寿命长，但是目前还在研发、商用还需要时间。Solid-state batteries have high energy density, high safety, and long cycle life, but are still under research and development, and commercialization will take time. * **产业链 Industry Chain:** 上游 (矿产开采)、中游 (材料制备)、下游 (电池生产与应用)。Upstream (Mining), Midstream (Material Preparation), Downstream (Battery Production and Application). * **成本 Cost:** 锂资源成本在电池成本中占比不高。The cost of lithium resources does not account for a high proportion of battery cost. * **安全 Safety:** 锂电池安全问题仍然是挑战，需要改进材料和设计。Lithium battery safety is still a challenge, needs improved materials and design.