将图片做成视频---**2. 虚拟语气: 表达与事实相反**
虚拟语气用于表达“假设意义”及其它“非事实意义”。即虚拟语气用来表达非真实的情况、说话人的主观愿望、建议、请求、命令等, 以及说话人看来实现可能性很小或不可能成为事实的情况。虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表达出来的。虚拟语气主要用于非真实条件句以及某些特定的结构中。
**在条件句中的使用**
条件句可分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示假设或实际可能性不大的甚至完全不可能发生的情况, 需使用虚拟语气。例如:
If you don’ t work hard, you will fail the exam. 如果不努力，你会考砸。(真实)
If I were you, I would try my best. 换作我，我会尽最大努力。(非真实 / 我不是你)
所谓非真实条件句，是指那些违背或可能违背实际情况的假设，可分为表示违背现在的实际的假设、表示违背过去事实的假设和表示将来实现可能性很小或根本不可能实现的假设。
**1.1 在非真实条件句中, if 引导的从句表达想象的情况, 主句推测想象的结果, 在表示对现在、过去和将来的情况假设的非真实条件句中, 主句和从句所使用的时态搭配有一定的规律。**
| | 从句 | 主句 |
| :----------- | :------------------------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------- |
| 假设现在情况 | If+主语+动词一般过去时(be动词用were) | 主语+ would (should, might, could) + do |
| 假设过去情况 | If+主语+had + done | 主语+ would (should, might, could) + have done |
| 假设将来情况 | if+主语+were to do/if+主语+should + do | 主语+ would (should, might, could) + do |
**1.1.1 假设现在情况**
从句: If+主语+动词一般过去时(be动词用were)
主句: 主语+ would (should, might, could) + do 例如:
If he were here, he might help us.
If he knew the facts, he could tell us what to do.
**1.1.2 假设过去情况**
从句: If+主语+had + done
主句: 主语+ would (should, might, could) + have done 例如:
If it had not been for Mary, I might not have understood.
If we had gone by car, we would have saved time.
**1.1.3 假设将来情况**
从句: if+主语+were to do / if+主语+should + do
主句: 主语+ would (should, might, could) +do 例如:
If it should be necessary, I could come at six.
If I were to do it, I would do it in a different way.
**1.2 非真实条件句中的主句与从句的时态搭配不是一成不变的, 当从句中动作发生的时间与主句中动作发生的时间不一致时, 即主句、从句的谓语分别表示不同时间的动作, 这时, 句中的谓语动词要根据不同情况使用不同时态。例如:**
If he had listened to me, you wouldn' t be in such trouble now.
If he knew her, he would have greeted her.
**1.3 在正式文体中, 如果if引导的从句中有were, had, should 这类词, 连词if 可以省略, 将were, had, should 移至句首, 形成倒装句。如果从句为否定句, not 置于主语后, 不能与were, should, had等缩写成 weren’ t, shouldn’ t, hadn’ t 置于句首。例如:**
Were it not for their help, we would be in serious difficulty.
Should it rain tomorrow, what could we do?
Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him.
**1.4 虚拟条件句有时主句和从句可以省略其中之一, 用以表达一种强烈的情感。例如:**
He could have passed the exam. (省略从句)
If I were at school now. (省略主句)
---
**Question 1:**
1. If ______ harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office now.
A. worked B. were to work C. had worked D. were working
**Question 2:**
2. ______ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive
**Question 3:**
3. Had he worked harder, he ______ the exams.
A. must have got through B. would have got through
C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen
**Question 4:**
4. If I hadn’ t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ______ now.
A. wouldn’ t be smiling B. couldn’ t have smiled C. won’ t smile D. didn’ t smile
**Answer Key:**
CDBA
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虚拟语气用于表达与事实相反的假设情况。与描述实际可能性的真实条件句不同，虚拟语气表达非真实的情况、愿望或几乎不可能发生的情景。例如，"If I were you"是虚拟语气，因为我不是你——这与现实相反。
非真实条件句中，主句和从句的时态搭配有一定规律。假设现在情况时，从句用过去时，be动词用were，主句用would加动词原形。假设过去情况时，从句用had done，主句用would have done。假设将来情况时，从句用were to do或should do，主句用would加动词原形。
假设现在情况的虚拟语气表达与现在事实相反的假设。从句使用过去时，be动词统一用were，主句使用would、could或might加动词原形。例如"If he were here"表示他现在不在这里，这与实际情况相反。
在正式文体中，当if引导的从句中有were、had、should等词时，可以省略if，将这些词移至句首形成倒装句。这种结构更加正式。注意否定词not要放在主语后面，不能与were、should、had等缩写。
让我们通过几道练习题来巩固虚拟语气的用法。第一题考查混合时间的虚拟语气，从句假设过去，主句表示现在，所以选C。第二题是倒装结构的将来假设，选D。第三题是过去假设的结果，选B。第四题是混合虚拟语气，从句过去，主句现在，选A。
非真实条件句中，主句和从句的时态搭配有一定规律。假设现在情况时，从句用过去时，be动词用were，主句用would加动词原形。假设过去情况时，从句用had done，主句用would have done。假设将来情况时，从句用were to do或should do，主句用would加动词原形。
假设现在情况的虚拟语气表达与现在事实相反的假设。从句使用过去时，be动词统一用were，主句使用would、could或might加动词原形。例如"If he were here"表示他现在不在这里，这与实际情况相反。
在正式文体中，当if引导的从句中有were、had、should等词时，可以省略if，将这些词移至句首形成倒装句。这种结构更加正式。注意否定词not要放在主语后面，不能与were、should、had等缩写。
让我们通过几道练习题来巩固虚拟语气的用法。第一题考查混合时间的虚拟语气，从句假设过去，主句表示现在，所以选C。第二题是倒装结构的将来假设，选D。第三题是过去假设的结果，选B。第四题是混合虚拟语气，从句过去，主句现在，选A。