explain how sangvine groups are made and analysed (LaLb..)
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Blood group analysis is a fundamental laboratory procedure that determines the specific antigens present on red blood cell surfaces. These antigens, combined with corresponding antibodies in the plasma, define an individual's blood type. The most important systems for transfusion safety are the ABO system, which includes A, B, AB, and O blood types, and the Rh system, which determines positive or negative status.
Forward typing is the first step in blood group analysis. Patient red blood cells are mixed with known antibody reagents in separate test tubes. Anti-A antibodies will cause agglutination if A antigens are present, anti-B antibodies react with B antigens, and anti-D antibodies detect the Rh factor. In this example, agglutination occurs with anti-A and anti-D reagents but not with anti-B, indicating the blood type is A positive.
Reverse typing confirms the ABO group by testing the patient's plasma against known red blood cells. The plasma from an A positive individual contains anti-B antibodies but no anti-A antibodies. When mixed with B cells, agglutination occurs due to the anti-B antibodies. No reaction occurs with A cells since there are no anti-A antibodies present. This reverse typing result confirms the forward typing, validating that the blood type is indeed A positive.
This comprehensive matrix shows the expected results for all ABO and Rh blood types in both forward and reverse typing. Each blood type has a unique pattern of positive and negative reactions. For example, A positive blood shows agglutination with anti-A and anti-D reagents, but not with anti-B. In reverse typing, it shows no reaction with A cells but agglutination with B cells due to anti-B antibodies in the plasma. This systematic approach ensures accurate blood typing for safe transfusions.
Extended blood group testing goes beyond basic ABO and Rh typing to include other clinically significant systems like Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and MNS. This comprehensive testing follows a systematic workflow: forward typing, reverse typing, Rh determination, extended antigen testing, and final reporting. The complete blood group profile is essential for complex transfusions, pregnancy management, and organ transplantation, ensuring maximum compatibility and patient safety.