Tokens on Solana Tokens are digital assets that represent ownership over diverse categories of assets. Tokenization enables the digitalization of property rights. Tokens on Solana are referred to as SPL (Solana Program Library) Tokens. This section covers the basics concepts of how tokens are represented on Solana. Refer to the SPL Token Basics section for code examples. Key Points Token Programs contain all instruction logic for interacting with tokens on the network (both fungible and non-fungible). A Mint Account represents a specific token and stores global metadata about the token such as the total supply and mint authority (address authorized to create new units of a token). A Token Account tracks individual ownership of tokens for a specific mint account for a specific owner. An Associated Token Account is a Token Account created with an address derived from the owner and mint account addresses. Token Programs The Solana ecosystem has two main Token Programs. Source code for both programs below. Token Program (Original) Basic token capability (mint, transfer, etc.) Immutable and widely used Token Extension Program (Token 2022) Includes all original Token Program features Adds features through "extensions" Token Programs contains all instruction logic for interacting with tokens on the network (both fungible and non-fungible). All tokens on Solana are effectively data accounts owned by a Token Program. Token Program Token Program Mint Account Tokens on Solana are uniquely identified by the address of a Mint Account owned by the Token Program. This account acts as a global counter for a specific token and stores data such as: Supply: Total supply of the token Decimals: Decimal precision of the token Mint authority: The account authorized to create new units of the token, increasing the supply Freeze authority: The account authorized to freeze tokens in a Token Account, preventing them from being transferred or burned Mint Account Mint Account The full details stored on each Mint Account include the following: Mint Account State pub struct Mint { /// Optional authority used to mint new tokens. The mint authority may only /// be provided during mint creation. If no mint authority is present /// then the mint has a fixed supply and no further tokens may be /// minted. pub mint_authority: COption, /// Total supply of tokens. pub supply: u64, /// Number of base 10 digits to the right of the decimal place. pub decimals: u8, /// Is `true` if this structure has been initialized pub is_initialized: bool, /// Optional authority to freeze token accounts. pub freeze_authority: COption, } For reference, here is a Solana Explorer link to the USDC Mint Account. Token Account The Token Program creates Token Accounts to track individual ownership of each token unit. A Token Account stores data such as: Mint: The token the Token Account holds units of Owner: The account authorized to transfer tokens from the Token Account Amount: Number of the tokens the Token Account currently holds Token Account Token Account The full details stored on each Token Account include the following: Token Account State pub struct Account { /// The mint associated with this account pub mint: Pubkey, /// The owner of this account. pub owner: Pubkey, /// The amount of tokens this account holds. pub amount: u64, /// If `delegate` is `Some` then `delegated_amount` represents /// the amount authorized by the delegate pub delegate: COption, /// The account's state pub state: AccountState, /// If is_native.is_some, this is a native token, and the value logs the /// rent-exempt reserve. An Account is required to be rent-exempt, so /// the value is used by the Processor to ensure that wrapped SOL /// accounts do not drop below this threshold. pub is_native: COption, /// The amount delegated pub delegated_amount: u64, /// Optional authority to close the account. pub close_authority: COption, } A wallet needs a token account for each token (mint) it wants to hold, with the wallet address set as the token account owner. Each wallet can own multiple token accounts for the same token (mint), but a token account can only have one owner and hold units of one token (mint). Account Relationship Account Relationship Note that each Token Account's data includes an owner field identifying who has authority over the Token Account. This differs from the program owner specified in the base Account type, which is the Token Program for all Token Accounts. Associated Token Account Associated Token Accounts simplify the process of finding a token account's address for a specific mint and owner. Think of the Associated Token Account as the "default" token account for a specific mint and owner. An Associated Token Account is created with an address derived from the owner's address and the mint account's address. It's important to understand that an Associated Token Account is just a token account with a specific address. This introduces a key concept in Solana development: Program Derived Address (PDA). A PDA derives an address deterministically using predefined inputs, making it easy to find the address of an account. Associated Token Account Associated Token Account Note that each wallet needs its own token account to hold tokens from the same mint. Accounts Relationship Expanded Accounts Relationship Expanded Token CLI Examples The spl-token CLI helps you experiment with SPL tokens. The examples below use the Solana Playground terminal to run CLI commands directly in the browser without local installation. Creating tokens and accounts requires SOL for account rent deposits and transaction fees. For first-time Solana Playground users, create a Playground wallet and run the solana airdrop command in the Playground terminal. You can also get devnet SOL from the public web faucet. Terminal solana airdrop 2 Run spl-token --help to see all available commands. Terminal spl-token --help To install the spl-token CLI locally, run: Terminal cargo install spl-token-cli Find more examples in the spl-token documentation. The account addresses shown in your terminal output differ from the examples below. Use the addresses from your Playground terminal when following along. For example, the create-token command outputs a mint account address with your Playground wallet as the mint authority. Create a New Token To create a new token (mint account), run: Terminal spl-token create-token The output looks like: Terminal Output Creating token 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg Address: 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg Decimals: 9 Signature: 44fvKfT1ezBUwdzrCys3fvCdFxbLMnNvBstds76QZyE6cXag5NupBprSXwxPTzzjrC3cA6nvUZaLFTvmcKyzxrm1 A new mint account starts with zero supply. Check the current supply with: Terminal spl-token supply The supply command for a new token returns 0: Example spl-token supply 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg Creating a new Mint Account requires a transaction with two instructions. Here's a Javascript example on Solana Playground. The System Program creates a new account with space for the Mint Account data and transfers ownership to the Token Program. The Token Program initializes the data of the new account as a Mint Account Create Token Account To hold tokens of a specific mint, create a token account: Terminal spl-token create-account Example command: Example spl-token create-account 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg Output: Terminal Output Creating account AfB7uwBEsGtrrBqPTVqEgzWed5XdYfM1psPNLmf7EeX9 Signature: 2BtrynuCLX9CNofFiaw6Yzbx6hit66pup9Sk7aFjwU2NEbFz7NCHD9w9sWhrCfEd73XveAGK1DxFpJoQZPXU9tS1 The create-account command creates an associated token account with your wallet address as the owner. To create a token account with a different owner: Terminal spl-token create-account --owner Note: specifies the mint account for the token account. Example command: Example spl-token create-account --owner 2i3KvjDCZWxBsqcxBHpdEaZYQwQSYE6LXUMx5VjY5XrR 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg Output: Terminal Output Creating account Hmyk3FSw4cfsuAes7sanp2oxSkE9ivaH6pMzDzbacqmt Signature: 44vqKdfzspT592REDPY4goaRJH3uJ3Ce13G4BCuUHg35dVUbHuGTHvqn4ZjYF9BGe9QrjMfe9GmuLkQhSZCBQuEt Creating an Associated Token Account requires one instruction that invokes the Associated Token Program. Here's a Javascript example on Solana Playground. The Associated Token Program uses Cross Program Invocations to: Invoke the System Program to create a new account using the provided PDA as the address Invoke the Token Program to initialize the Token Account data To create a new Token Account with a new keypair instead of an Associated Token Account address, send a transaction with two instructions. Here's a Javascript example on Solana Playground. The System Program creates a new account with space for the Token Account data and transfers ownership to the Token Program. The Token Program initializes the data as a Token Account Mint Tokens To create new units of a token, mint tokens to a Token Account: Terminal spl-token mint [OPTIONS] [--] [RECIPIENT_TOKEN_ACCOUNT_ADDRESS] Example command: Example spl-token mint 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg 100 Output: Terminal Output Minting 100 tokens Token: 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg Recipient: AfB7uwBEsGtrrBqPTVqEgzWed5XdYfM1psPNLmf7EeX9 Signature: 2NJ1m7qCraPSBAVxbr2ssmWZmBU9Jc8pDtJAnyZsZJRcaYCYMqq1oRY1gqA4ddQno3g3xcnny5fzr1dvsnFKMEqG To mint tokens to a different token account: Example spl-token mint 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg 100 -- Hmyk3FSw4cfsuAes7sanp2oxSkE9ivaH6pMzDzbacqmt Output: Terminal Output Minting 100 tokens Token: 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg Recipient: Hmyk3FSw4cfsuAes7sanp2oxSkE9ivaH6pMzDzbacqmt Signature: 3SQvNM3o9DsTiLwcEkSPT1Edr14RgE2wC54TEjonEP2swyVCp2jPWYWdD6RwXUGpvDNUkKWzVBZVFShn5yntxVd7 The MintTo instruction on the Token Program creates new tokens. The mint authority must sign the transaction. The instruction mints tokens to a Token Account and increases the total supply on the Mint Account. Here's a Javascript example on Solana Playground. Transfer Tokens To transfer tokens between token accounts: Terminal spl-token transfer [OPTIONS] Example command: Example spl-token transfer 99zqUzQGohamfYxyo8ykTEbi91iom3CLmwCA75FK5zTg 100 Hmyk3FSw4cfsuAes7sanp2oxSkE9ivaH6pMzDzbacqmt Output: Terminal Output Transfer 100 tokens Sender: AfB7uwBEsGtrrBqPTVqEgzWed5XdYfM1psPNLmf7EeX9 Recipient: Hmyk3FSw4cfsuAes7sanp2oxSkE9ivaH6pMzDzbacqmt Signature: 5y6HVwV8V2hHGLTVmTmdySRiEUCZnWmkasAvJ7J6m7JR46obbGKCBqUFgLpZu5zQGwM4Xy6GZ4M5LKd1h6Padx3o The Transfer instruction on the Token Program handles token transfers. The owner of the sender's Token Account must sign the transaction. The instruction moves tokens between Token Accounts. Here's a Javascript example on Solana Playground. Both sender and recipient need token accounts for the specific token (mint). The sender can include instructions to create the recipient's token account in the same transaction. Create Token Metadata The Token Extensions Program lets you store metadata (name, symbol, image link) directly on the Mint Account. To create a token with metadata extension: Example spl-token create-token --program-id TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb --enable-metadata Output: Terminal Output Creating token BdhzpzhTD1MFqBiwNdrRy4jFo2FHFufw3n9e8sVjJczP under program TokenzQdBNbLqP5VEhdkAS6EPFLC1PHnBqCXEpPxuEb To initialize metadata inside the mint, please run `spl-token initialize-metadata BdhzpzhTD1MFqBiwNdrRy4jFo2FHFufw3n9e8sVjJczP `, and sign with the mint authority. Address: BdhzpzhTD1MFqBiwNdrRy4jFo2FHFufw3n9e8sVjJczP Decimals: 9 Signature: 5iQofFeXdYhMi9uTzZghcq8stAaa6CY6saUwcdnELST13eNSifiuLbvR5DnRt311frkCTUh5oecj8YEvZSB3wfai To initialize the metadata: Terminal spl-token initialize-metadata The token URI links to off-chain metadata. See an example JSON format here. Example command: Example spl-token initialize-metadata BdhzpzhTD1MFqBiwNdrRy4jFo2FHFufw3n9e8sVjJczP "TokenName" "TokenSymbol" "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/solana-developers/opos-asset/main/assets/DeveloperPortal/metadata.json" View the metadata on Solana Explorer. Learn more in the Metadata Extension Guide. For details about Token Extensions, see the Token Extensions Getting Started Guide and the SPL documentation.