Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen in the United States, is one of the most commonly used over-the-counter medications worldwide. It belongs to the class of drugs called analgesics and antipyretics, which means it can relieve pain and reduce fever. The chemical formula is C8H9NO2, and it's available under various brand names globally.
Paracetamol has two primary therapeutic uses. First, it serves as an effective analgesic, providing relief from mild to moderate pain including headaches, muscle aches, back pain, toothaches, and joint pain. Second, it acts as an antipyretic, helping to reduce fever during illnesses like colds and flu. It's particularly valued because it's generally safe for most age groups, including children and elderly patients when used as directed.
Paracetamol works through a specific mechanism of action. It inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes, particularly COX-1 and COX-2, primarily in the central nervous system. By blocking these enzymes, paracetamol reduces the production of prostaglandins, which are chemical messengers responsible for transmitting pain signals and triggering fever responses. This selective action in the brain explains why paracetamol is effective for pain relief and fever reduction while having minimal anti-inflammatory effects compared to other pain medications.
Paracetamol is available in multiple forms to suit different needs and age groups. For adults, the standard dose is 500 to 1000 milligrams every 4 to 6 hours, with a maximum daily limit of 4000 milligrams. For children, the dose is calculated based on body weight, typically 10 to 15 milligrams per kilogram per dose. The medication comes in various forms including tablets and capsules for oral use, liquid suspensions for children or those who have difficulty swallowing pills, and suppositories for patients who cannot take oral medications.
While paracetamol is generally safe when used correctly, it's important to follow safety guidelines. The most critical precaution is never exceeding the maximum daily dose of 4000 milligrams, as overdose can cause serious liver damage. Always check other medications you're taking, as many combination drugs also contain paracetamol, which could lead to accidental overdose. If symptoms persist beyond a few days, consult a healthcare professional. When used responsibly and as directed, paracetamol remains one of the safest and most effective pain relievers available.