Waves are fundamental phenomena that transfer energy through space and matter. There are two main forms of wave propagation. Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of propagation, like waves on a string. Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation, like sound waves in air.
Transverse waves have distinct characteristics. The particles oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. Key properties include amplitude, which is the maximum displacement from equilibrium, and wavelength, which is the distance between consecutive peaks. Examples include light waves and water surface waves.
Longitudinal waves have particles that oscillate parallel to the wave's direction of propagation. This creates regions of compression where particles are pushed together, and rarefactions where particles are spread apart. Sound waves are the most common example, traveling through air by alternately compressing and expanding the medium.
Wave speed depends on frequency and wavelength according to the formula v equals f times lambda. As frequency increases, the wave oscillates faster. When frequency doubles, the wave speed also doubles if wavelength remains constant. This relationship is fundamental in understanding wave behavior in different media.
Waves have countless applications in our daily lives. Sound waves enable music and communication. Light waves allow us to see and power fiber optic networks. Radio waves carry broadcast signals and WiFi data. Seismic waves help detect earthquakes, while water waves can generate renewable energy. Understanding wave propagation is essential for modern technology.