以下是整合三个文档内容并扩展至初一科学认知水平的英文思维导图，结构更系统、知识点更丰富，包含核心概念、实验方法、扩展知识及跨学科联系： Mind Map: Plant Biology for Grade 7 Science Central Theme: Structure, Function, and Life Processes of Plants 1. Plant Classification & Basic Needs • Classification ◦ Vascular Plants (with xylem/phloem): Trees, flowers, ferns ◦ Non-vascular Plants (no transport systems): Mosses, liverworts • Essential Survival Needs ◦ Core Requirements (from docs): Water, light, air (CO₂/O₂), soil nutrients, space ◦ Extended Concepts: ◦ Photosynthesis: Converts light energy to chemical energy (equation: CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂) ◦ Respiration: Plants use O₂ to break down glucose for energy ◦ Adaptations: ◦ Desert plants (e.g., cacti): Thick stems for water storage ◦ Aquatic plants (e.g., water lilies): Floating leaves for light absorption 2. Plant Structure & Functions • Root System ◦ Functions (from docs): Anchor plant, absorb water/nutrients ◦ Extended: ◦ Taproots (e.g., carrots) vs. fibrous roots (e.g., grass) ◦ Root hairs: Increase surface area for absorption • Stem & Trunk ◦ Functions (from docs): Support plant, transport water/nutrients ◦ Extended: ◦ Xylem: Transports water/minerals from roots to leaves (单向运输) ◦ Phloem: Transports sugars (from photosynthesis) to all parts (双向运输) ◦ Annual rings: Show growth layers in tree trunks • Leaves ◦ Functions (from docs): Photosynthesis, gas exchange ◦ Extended: ◦ Stomata: Pores for CO₂ intake and water vapor release (controlled by guard cells) ◦ Leaf adaptations: Needles (conifers reduce water loss), broad leaves (maximize light capture) • Flowers ◦ Reproductive Structures (from docs): ◦ Male: Stamen (anther produces pollen, filament supports it) ◦ Female: Carpel (stigma catches pollen, style leads to ovary with ovules) ◦ Extended: ◦ Pollination types: Self-pollination vs. cross-pollination ◦ Flower symmetry: Actinomorphic (radial, e.g., daisies) vs. zygomorphic (bilateral, e.g., peas) 3. Scientific Inquiry & Experiments • Key Terms (from docs): ◦ Variable: Something changed in an experiment ◦ Independent variable (changed by scientist) ◦ Dependent variable (measured result) ◦ Controlled variables (kept constant) ◦ Fair Test: Only 1 independent variable • Example Experiment (from docs: Celery & food coloring): ◦ Aim: Observe water transport in xylem ◦ Procedure: Cut celery stems, place in colored water, observe colored veins in leaves ◦ Conclusion: Xylem conducts water from roots to leaves • Extended: ◦ Hypothesis: "If a plant receives less light, its growth rate will decrease." ◦ Data Collection: Measure plant height, number of leaves over time 4. Plant Life Cycle • Stages (from docs & extended): 1. Germination: Seed absorbs water, root/shoot emerge (requires warmth, oxygen) 2. Growth: Vegetative stage (leaf/stem development) 3. Reproduction: Flowering, pollination, fertilization (pollen + ovule → seed) 4. Seed Dispersal: Methods to spread seeds (from docs + examples): ◦ Wind: Dandelion (feathery seeds), maple (winged seeds) ◦ Water: Coconut (buoyant fruit), lotus ◦ Animals: Berries (eaten and excreted), burrs (sticky seeds on fur) ◦ Explosive Bursting: Pea pods, touch-me-not plants 5. Maturity: New plant grows to repeat the cycle • Extended: ◦ Life Cycle Types: ◦ Annuals (e.g., sunflowers): Complete life cycle in 1 year ◦ Perennials (e.g., trees): Live for many years, flower repeatedly 5. Ecology & Plant Interactions • Role in Ecosystems ◦ Producers: Base of food chains (convert sunlight to energy for other organisms) ◦ Oxygen Production: Critical for animal respiration ◦ Soil Conservation: Roots prevent erosion • Human Impact ◦ Deforestation → Loss of habitats, increased CO₂ in atmosphere ◦ Selective Breeding: Creating crop varieties (e.g., drought-resistant corn) • Symbiotic Relationships ◦ Mycorrhizae: Fungi help roots absorb nutrients (mutualism) ◦ Epiphytes: Plants like orchids grow on trees for support (commensalism) 6. Key Vocabulary (Expanded from Docs) • Botanist: Scientist who studies plants • Fertilization: Fusion of male (pollen) and female (ovule) cells to form seeds • Germination: Process of a seed starting to grow • Transpiration: Loss of water vapor from leaves (drives water uptake in roots) • Xylem/Phloem: Vascular tissues for transport (see Structure section) Design Notes for Clarity 1. Color Coding: Use green for structure/function, blue for water transport, pink for reproduction, and orange for ecology. 2. Visual Aids: Add icons (e.g., beaker for experiments, leaf for photosynthesis, seed for dispersal) to enhance memory. 3. Cross-Curricular Links: Connect to math (data graphs for experiments) and geography (plant adaptations to climates). This思维导图 balances depth (e.g., vascular tissues, photosynthesis equation) with初一学生的认知水平，通过实例和分层结构帮助理解复杂概念。需要调整细节可随时告知！