We have a radioisotope X that decays to stable isotope Y. The graph shows how the mass of Y increases over time. At time t1, the mass of Y is M over 4. At time t2, the mass of Y is M over 2. At time t3, the mass approaches the maximum value M. We need to find which time interval represents the half-life of X.
The half-life is the time required for half of the radioactive nuclei to decay. Initially at time zero, all mass M is in the form of radioisotope X, and no Y is present. After one half-life, half of X has decayed, so the remaining mass of X is M over 2, and the mass of Y produced is also M over 2. Looking at the graph, this occurs at time t2, so the half-life of X is t2.
Now let's analyze each option. Option A, t2 minus t1, represents the time interval from when Y has mass M over 4 to when it has mass M over 2. This is not the half-life. Option B, t3 minus t2, is the time from M over 2 to M of Y. This is also not the half-life. Option C, t2, represents the time from zero to when Y reaches mass M over 2. This is exactly the half-life of X. Option D, half of t3, is just half the time to reach maximum Y mass, which is not the half-life. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
To summarize what we've learned: The half-life is the time required for half of the radioactive nuclei to decay. When the mass of Y reaches M over 2, exactly half of the original X has decayed. This occurs at time t2 on the graph. Therefore, the half-life of X is t2, making option C the correct answer.