AI的发展---**Chart Description:** * **Type:** Timeline / Conceptual Map * **Main Elements:** * **Horizontal Timeline:** Extends from 1943 to 2020, marked with vertical lines at specific years. * **Colored Streams:** Represent major fields or paradigms within Artificial Intelligence, flowing from left (early years) to right (modern years). These streams diverge and converge, suggesting relationships and evolution. The streams are labeled: Robotics (Green), Neural Networks (Dark Green), Machine Learning (Yellow/Orange), Computer Vision (Light Yellow/Orange), Natural Language Processing (Blue), Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (Purple), Game Playing (Dark Purple). Some streams branch further (e.g., Machine Learning branches into Unsupervised Learning, Probabilistic Graphical Model, Transfer Learning, Federated Learning). * **Labeled Boxes:** Distributed along the timeline and connected to the streams. Each box represents a significant event, concept, publication, project, or company. Boxes contain a title, often an image(s) of people or objects, and textual description including names, dates, publication titles, and sources. * **Connection Lines:** Lines connect boxes to specific points (marked by red circles) on the colored streams or sometimes connect boxes directly, indicating the relationship or point in time associated with the event/concept. * **Red Circles:** Mark specific points in time on the colored streams, typically where a connecting line from a box attaches. **Timeline:** * Years: 1943, 1946, 1949, 1952, 1955, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2020. **AI Subfields Represented (Streams):** * Robotics (Green) * Neural Networks (Dark Green) * Machine Learning (Yellow/Orange) * Unsupervised Learning (Branch of ML) * Probabilistic Graphical Model (Branch of ML) * Transfer Learning (Branch of ML) * Federated Learning (Branch of ML) * Representation Learning (Branch related to CV/ML) * Computer Vision (Light Yellow/Orange) * Image Recognition (Branch of CV) * Deep Adversarial Learning (Branch related to CV/Game Playing?) * Natural Language Processing (Blue) * Natural Language Understanding (Branch of NLP) * Natural Language Generation (Branch of NLP) * Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (Purple) * Semantic Web (Branch of KRR) * Knowledge Graph (Branch of KRR) * Game Playing (Dark Purple) * Reinforcement Learning (Branch of Game Playing) * Deep Reinforcement Learning (Branch of RL) * Adversarial Learning (Branch related to RL/CV?) **Extracted Box Content:** * **Turing Test** * Image: Alan M. Turing * Text: Turing, Alan M. "Sovable and unsolvable problems." Science News-ens. fr 39 (1954). * **Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence** * Images: 3 people (McCarthy, Minsky, Shannon shown in the context of the conference box based on other materials, though not explicitly labeled in the image crops) * Text: McCarthy, J., et al. "Dartmouth Conference." Dartmouth Summer Research Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1956. * **Perceptrons** * Image: Frank Rosenblatt * Text: Rosenblatt, Frank. "The perceptron-a perceiving and recognizing automaton". Report, 1957. * Text: Rosenblatt, F. Principles of neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the theory of brain mechanisms[R]. 1963. * **Behavior-based robotitcs** * Image: Rodney A. Brooks * Text: Brooks, R. A. robust layered control system for a mobile robot[J]. Robotics and Automation,IEEE Journal of. 1986. 2(1): 14-23. * **Bayesian Networks** * Image: Judea Pearl * Text: Pearl, J. (1985). "Bayesian Networks: A Model of Self-Activated Memory for Evidential Reasoning" (UCLA Technical Report CSD-850017). Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. University of California, Irvine. CA. pp. 329-334. Retrieved 2009-05-01. * **Conditional Random Fields** * Images: 2 people (John Lafferty, Andrew McCallum) * Text: Lafferty, John, Andrew McCallum, and Fernando CN Pereira. "Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data." * **Support Vector Machine** * Images: 2 people (Corinna Cortes, Vladimir Vapnik) * Text: Cortes Corinna; and Vapnik Vladimir N.; "Support-Vector Networks", Machine Learning, 20, 1995. * **AlexNet** * Image: Geoffrey Hinton * Text: Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton G. ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks[C]//NIPS. Curran Associates Inc. 2012. * **Transfer Learning** * Image: Sinno Jialin Pan * Text: Pan S J, Yang Q A. A Survey on Transfer Learning[J]. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2010, 22(10): 1345-1359. * **Boston Dynamics** * Image: Atlas robot * Text: An engineering and robotics design company which produces BigDog, Cheetah, LittleDog, PETMAN, LS3, Atlas, SpotMini, Handle, etc. * **VAE** * Images: 2 people (Diederik P. Kingma, Max Welling) * Text: Kingma D P, Welling M. Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes[J]. arXiv: Machine Learning, 2013. * **GAN** * Images: 2 people (Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio) * Text: Goodfellow I, Pougetabadie J, Mirza M, et al. Generative Adversarial Nets[C]. neural information processing systems, 2014: 2672-2680. * **Dropout** * Images: 2 people (Nitish Srivastava, Geoffrey Hinton) * Text: Srivastava N, Hinton G E, Krizhevsky A, et al. Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting[J]. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2014, 15(1): 1929-1958. * **Deep Learning** * Images: 3 people (Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, Geoffrey Hinton) * Text: Lecun Yann; Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning[J]. nature, 2015, 521(7553):436. * **TensorFlow** * Image: TensorFlow logo * Text: Abadi M, Agarwal A, Barham P, et al. TensorFlow: Large-Scale Machine Learning on Heterogeneous Distributed Systems[J]. arXiv: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing, 2015. * **OpenAI** * Image: OpenAI logo * Text: A non-profit AI research company, discovering and enacting the path to safe artificial general intelligence. * **Sophia** * Image: Sophia robot * Text: Sophia is a social humanoid robot, and is the first non-human to be given any United Nation title. * **Federated Learning** * Image: Brendan McMahan * Text: McMahan, H. Brendan, Moore, Eider, Ramage, Daniel, et. al. Communication-Efficient Learning of Deep Networks from Decentralized Data[J]. 2016. * **ResNet** * Image: Kaiming He * Text: He K, Zhang X, Ren S, et al. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition[C]. computer vision and pattern recognition, 2016: 770-778. * **BERT** * Image: BERT logo (Google) * Text: Devlin, Jacob, Chang-Ming, Lee, Kenton, et al. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding[J]. * **Programming a computer for playing chess** * Image: Claude E. Shannon * Text: Shannon, Claude E. "XXII. Programming a computer for playing chess." Philosophical magazine 41.314 (1950) :256-275. * **Pattern Recognition** * Images: 2 people (Leonard Uhr, Charles Vossler) * Text: Uhr, Leonard. and Charles Vossler. "A pattern recognition program that generates, evaluates and adjusts its own operators." Papers presented at the May 9-11, 1961, western joint IRE-AIEEACm computer conference. ACM, 1961. * **ELIZA - human computer conversation** * Image: Joseph Weizenbaum * Text: Weizenbaum, Joseph. "ELIZA-a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine." Communications of the ACM 9.1 (1966): 36-45. * **Knowledge Representation** * Image: Marvin Minsky * Text: Minsky M. A framework for representing knowledge[J]. 1974. * **Dendral - The first expert system** * Images: 3 people (Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland, Edward Feigenbaum) * Text: Buchanan, Bruce. Georaia Sutherland. and Edward A. Feigenbaum.702246 Heuristic DENDRAL: a program for generating explanatory hypotheses in organic chemistry. Defense Technical Information Center, 1968. * **Heuristic Search** * Image: Douglas Lenat * Text: Lenat D B. AM: An artificial intelligence approach to discovery in mathematics as heuristic search[R]. STANFORD UNIV CA DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE. 1976. * **Expert System** * Image: Edward Feigenbaum * Text: Feigenbaum E A. The Fifth Generation: artificial intelligence and Japan's computer challenge to the World[M]. 1983. * **Computer beats world Backgammon champion** * Image: Hans Berliner * Text: Berliner H J Backgammon computer program beats world champion[J]. Artificial Intelligence, 1980. 14(2): 205-220. * **Computer Vision** * Image: David Marr * Text: Marr J. Early processing of visual informa-tion[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences. 1976. 275(939): 483-519. * **Large Scale Knowledge-Base Construction** * Image: People working with equipment * Text: Applications of meta-level knowledge to the construction, maintenance and use of large knowledge bases[M]. Stanford University. Computer Science Laboratory. 1976. * **Topic Modeling** * Images: 3 people (David Blei, Andrew Ng, Michael Jordan) * Text: Blei, David M. Ng, Andrew Y.; Jordan, Michael (January 2003). "Latent Dirichlet allocation". In Lafferty, John. Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (4-5): pp. 993-1022. doi:10.1162/jmlr.2003.3.4-5.993. * **Semantic Web Road Map** * Image: Tim Berners-Lee * Text: Berners-Lee, Tim. "Semantic web road map."(1998). * **Deep Blue Beats Kasparov** * Image: Chess match (Kasparov vs Deep Blue) * Text: Hsu, Feng-hsiuna. Murray S. Campbell. 1294729. and A. Joseph Hoane Jr. "Deep blue system overview." * **AlphaGo** * Image: AlphaGo logo * Text: Silver D, Huang A, Maddison C J, et al. Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search[J]. Nature, 2016, 529(7587):484-489. * **Google Self-driving car** * Image: John Markovski * Text: Markovski, John. "Google cars drive themselves, in traffic." New York Times 10 Oct. 2010: A1. * **Natural Language Learning** * Image: Tomas Mikolov * Text: Mikolov T, Sutskever I, Chen K, et al. Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality[C]. neural information processing systems, 2013: 3111-3119. * **Google Knowledge Graph** * Image: Conceptual diagram of Knowledge Graph * Text: Singhal, Amit. Introducing the Knowledge Graph: Things, Not Strings. Official Blog (of Google). * **IBM Watson wins Jeopardy** * Image: IBM Watson logo * Text: The DeepQA Project. research.ibm.com.