The Aravalli Range stands as one of Earth's most ancient mountain systems, stretching across Rajasthan for nearly seven hundred kilometers. These mountains, over two and a half billion years old, divide the state into two distinct regions: the arid Thar Desert to the west and the more fertile plains to the east. The highest point is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu, rising seventeen hundred twenty-two meters above sea level.
The Aravalli Range plays a critical role in shaping Rajasthan's climate patterns. Acting as a natural barrier, these ancient mountains block the southwest monsoon winds from reaching the western regions. This creates a dramatic rain shadow effect, keeping the Thar Desert arid while allowing the eastern plains to receive more rainfall. The mountains effectively divide the state into two distinct climate zones.
The Aravalli Range is a treasure trove of mineral wealth, making it one of India's most important mining regions. The mountains contain significant deposits of zinc and lead at Zawar, copper in the Khetri belt, iron ore at various locations, and high-quality marble and granite. These mineral resources have made Rajasthan a major contributor to India's mining industry, providing employment and generating substantial export revenue.
The Aravalli Range serves as a vital ecological corridor, supporting diverse flora and fauna through its tropical dry deciduous forests. The mountains host several wildlife sanctuaries that protect species like leopards, hyenas, and wild boars. Equally important is the range's role in water conservation, acting as a natural watershed that recharges groundwater and gives rise to several river systems, making it crucial for the region's water security.
To summarize what we've learned about the Aravalli Range: These ancient mountains, over two and a half billion years old, stand as geological giants that have shaped Rajasthan's destiny. They create climate barriers that form the Thar Desert, house valuable mineral resources that drive India's mining industry, support rich biodiversity, and serve as natural watersheds. The Aravalli Range truly represents the intersection of geology, climate, economy, and ecology in Rajasthan.