INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE General 1. India was one of the oldest centres of the prehistoric cultures of the world . India was also the cradle of one of the earliest civilizations in history - the Harappan culture. The Harappan culture was the first urban culture to flourish in India. Many of its features distinguished it from all its contemporary cultures in other parts of the world and made it a distinctly Indian civilization. Larger in extent than any of its contemporary civilization, it spread over parts of Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat and had links with some other parts of India as well as with contemporary civilization in West Asia.

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India was one of the oldest centers of prehistoric cultures in the world and the cradle of the Harappan civilization. This was India's first urban culture, distinguished by unique features that made it distinctly Indian. The Harappan civilization was larger in extent than any contemporary civilization, spreading across Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Western Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat, with connections to West Asian cultures. The Harappan cities showcased remarkable urban planning with well-organized grid systems and advanced infrastructure. They featured sophisticated drainage systems, standardized brick sizes, and multi-story buildings. The cities included public baths, granaries, and demonstrated advanced technological achievements in water management, metallurgy, and craftsmanship with uniform weights and measures. The Harappan civilization established extensive trade networks that connected India with distant regions including Mesopotamia. They used standardized weights, seals, and developed both maritime and land trade routes. This facilitated cultural exchange, sharing of artistic influences, technological knowledge, and religious practices. The trade in precious metals, stones, and other goods created lasting connections between the Harappan culture and contemporary civilizations in West Asia. The Harappan civilization demonstrated remarkable artistic and craft skills through sophisticated pottery, bronze artifacts, jewelry, and textiles. Their society was well-organized with skilled craftsmen, traders, and administrative systems. The civilization showed evidence of peaceful coexistence and advanced social structure, with standardized weights, measures, and seals indicating a complex but harmonious society that valued both artistic expression and practical innovation. The Harappan civilization stands as a testament to India's ancient greatness. As the first urban culture in India, it established foundations for city planning, trade networks, and technological advancement. This remarkable civilization, larger than any of its contemporaries, created lasting connections between India and the wider world, leaving a legacy that continues to influence Indian culture and heritage today.