An embedded system is a specialized computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often in real-time, within a larger mechanical or electrical system. Unlike general-purpose computers like PCs or smartphones, embedded systems are optimized for specific tasks, size, power consumption, and cost. They typically consist of a microcontroller or processor, memory, sensors for input, and actuators for output, all working together to perform their dedicated function.
Embedded systems have several key characteristics that distinguish them from general-purpose computers. They perform dedicated functions rather than multiple tasks, often have real-time constraints requiring timely responses, consume low power for battery efficiency, are compact in size, designed to be cost-effective for mass production, highly reliable especially in critical applications, and often operate without traditional user interfaces. These characteristics make embedded systems ideal for specific applications where general-purpose computers would be inefficient or impractical.
Embedded systems consist of both hardware and software components working together. The hardware includes a microcontroller or microprocessor as the brain, various types of memory for storing programs and data, peripherals like timers and input-output interfaces, communication interfaces for networking, and sensors and actuators for interacting with the physical world. The software components include firmware which is low-level code running directly on the hardware, an operating system often a real-time operating system or RTOS, application code that performs the main functions, and device drivers that interface with hardware components.
Embedded systems are found in countless devices around us. In consumer electronics, they control washing machines, microwaves, smart TVs, and digital cameras. In automotive applications, they manage engine control units, ABS braking systems, and infotainment systems. Medical devices like pacemakers and monitoring equipment rely on embedded systems for life-critical functions. Industrial automation uses embedded systems in robots and control systems. We also find them in smart home devices like thermostats and security systems, as well as wearable technology like fitness trackers and smartwatches.
To summarize what we have learned about embedded systems: They are specialized computer systems designed for dedicated functions, optimized for real-time performance, low power consumption, and compact size. They combine hardware components like microcontrollers, memory, and input-output devices with software including firmware and real-time operating systems. These systems are ubiquitous in our daily lives, powering everything from household appliances and automobiles to medical devices and smart technology, making our world more intelligent and automated.